初始pH值对泔脚发酵产氢余物甲烷化的强化研究

以城市生活垃圾厌氧消化污泥为接种物,考察了初始pH值为5、6、7和8时对泔脚发酵产氢余物中温（36℃）批式厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,当初始pH值低于7时,随着初始pH值的增大,产氢余物的产甲烷能力也随之增大;而当初始pH值高于7时,体系的产沼能力却受到了极大的抑制。结合Gompertz模型拟合结果,初始pH值为7为泔脚发酵产氢余物沼气化的最佳初始pH值,其沼气化的延迟时间λ、产甲烷率、生物气中甲烷的最高体积含量分别为： 4.02 d,379.28 mL/g VS,82.2％。厌氧消化结束后,除初始pH值为5的以外,厌氧消化余物的pH值在 6.8～6.9之间,这为沼气中甲烷的高体积含量（高于常规厌氧消化的最高甲烷体积含量75%）提供了证据。     

3种基质对污水中总磷的吸附性能

以粒径为2~5 mm的无烟煤、活性炭和草炭3种基质为实验材料进行吸附等温线和吸附动力学实验,探讨和对比3种基质对污水中总磷的吸附性能,选用吸附效果最好的无烟煤作为玻璃柱的填料模拟土壤渗滤系统。结果表明,3种填料基质对总磷的吸附均符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线方程,通过拟合方程得出无烟煤、活性炭和草炭的最大静态吸附量分别为1.249、0.254和0.716 mg/g;用一级动力学方程拟合3种填料基质对总磷的吸附反应过程较好,相关系数都在0.900以上,无烟煤、活性炭和草炭吸附速率分别为0.025、0.023和0.014 mg/(g·h),其中经无烟煤处理过的污水,出水最清澈;在模拟土壤渗滤系统实验中,当进水浓度为3.43~8.43 mg/L,水力负荷为0.08 m3/(m2·d)时,出水中总磷平均浓度为0.08 mg/L,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级A标准,对总磷的去除率高达96.48%~99.19%。     

倒置A2/O与常规A2/O工艺除磷效果对比

通过对西安市某污水处理厂倒置A2/O工艺的沿程监测和工艺解析,分析明确了该工艺生物除磷效果差的影响因素。研究表明,缺氧池反硝化不完全,厌氧池高浓度硝酸盐是抑制聚磷菌释磷的重要因素。当厌氧池内硝酸盐浓度大于4 mg/L时会明显抑制生物除磷效果。硝酸盐的浓度在1~4 mg/L时,随着硝酸盐浓度的升高,释磷效果显著降低。为避免硝酸盐对聚磷菌的影响,需将厌氧池硝酸盐浓度控制在1 mg/L以下。硝酸盐对聚磷菌释磷的影响原因是生物脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争,以乙酸钠和原污水为碳源分析硝氮盐对释磷效果的影响。结果表明,易于生物降解的优质碳源更有利于聚磷菌在厌氧环境下释磷,倒置A2/O的前置式缺氧池首先将大量优质碳源用于反硝化,而造成后续厌氧池聚磷菌释磷效果差。针对这一研究结果,对该污水厂提出将倒置A2/O调整为常规A2/O的改造方案,改造后厌氧池硝酸盐浓度由3.57 mg/L降低至0.89 mg/L,聚磷菌释磷量提高1.8倍,系统除磷效果增强,出水总磷降低至0.66 mg/L,与倒置A2/O相比降低0.21 mg/L。     

pH对污水好氧处理过程N2O产生的影响

采用能够同时监测气态和溶解态N2O功能的污水好氧处理过程模拟装置,研究了不同pH条件下氨氧化细菌(AOB)好氧反硝化途径N2O的产生特点、污染物转化过程、胞内聚合物聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)含量的变化以及它们之间的内在联系。结果表明,pH在6.5~8.0范围内,N2O产生量随pH的升高而减小。pH较低时,氧化亚氮还原酶活性受到抑制,导致好氧反硝化过程中产生的N2O大量积累并逸散;随着pH得升高,氧化亚氮还原酶活性增强,N2O产生量随之减少。     

城市污泥过热蒸汽与热风干燥特性

为研究城市污泥过热蒸汽和热风干燥特性,研制了一套常压内循环式干燥实验装置。以4 mm和10 mm污泥薄层为研究对象,在160~280℃温度下进行过热蒸汽和热风干燥特性实验。实验结果表明,随着温度升高过热蒸汽与热风干燥时间越来越接近,当温度达到280℃时,过热蒸汽干燥与热风干燥时间大致相同;过热蒸汽干燥初期存在凝结过程,4 mm和10 mm污泥在160~280℃下凝结量范围为3.39~1.07 g和9.71~3.62 g,凝结现象的出现导致干燥速率出现负值,但随着温度升高凝结过程对整个干燥时间影响愈来愈轻。从干燥结束后污泥的表观形态可以观察到过热蒸汽干燥的污泥表面裂纹密集、质地疏松,没有发生燃烧炭化的现象,能够避免污泥干燥时可能发生燃烧和爆炸的危险。     

基于专利的企业环境技术创新水平研究

以专利为衡量技术创新水平指标,对国内外企业环境技术创新水平的差异进行了分析。研究结果表明,1986～2005年期间,国内外企业环境技术创新水平逐年增强,不过我国企业的环境技术创新主体地位仍未建立;同国外企业相比,我国企业的原始技术创新能力不强。由于国内企业技术创新受到经济因素的影响,节约资源和清洁能源类环境技术比污染控制技术较多一些。在环境技术创新领域,无论国内还是国外,规模大、国际知名度高的企业占据了重要地位。基于我国企业仍未具备很强的环境技术创新能力,建议国家在构建环境技术创新体系时,应增加企业环境技术创新的经济、人力投入,尤其需要加强对大型企业环境技术创新的支持力度,发挥其规模效应。     

沉淀剂对稀土Gd掺杂SnO2/Ti涂层阳极性能的影响

实验采用共沉淀法,以无机盐SnCl4·5H2O、Sb2O3、Gd(NO3)3为前驱体,制备稀土Gd掺杂SnO2/Ti多组分涂层阳极。研究了用不同沉淀剂制备的电极以苯酚为目标有机物的电化学降解特性,以考察沉淀剂对稀土Gd掺杂SnO2/Ti阳极性能的影响;并对所制备的涂层阳极进行了SEM、XRD、XPS等表征及阳极极化曲线、循环伏安曲线测试,分析并讨论了沉淀剂对稀土Gd掺杂SnO2/Ti阳极性能的影响机理。结果表明,沉淀剂对稀土Gd掺杂SnO2/Ti电极性能有较大的影响,在本实验条件,以氨水为沉淀剂所制备的电极电催化性能较好,稳定性能较高。     

Population Distribution and Influencing Factors Based on ESDA

Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) technique and geographic information system(GIS) platform,with statistic data of counties in 2005,this paper confirms that there is a large population density gap between counties in 2005 because the Gini coefficient is 0.55.Population distribution does not change a lot during the past decades,and the southeast China is still much more densely populated than the northwest China.The global spatial autocorrelation of population distribution is obvious because Moran’s I scores 0.42 and local spatial autocorrelation is partly significant.Climate and elevation are still the main natural influencing factors.Meanwhile industrial structure and transportation significantly influence population distribution.Different combinations of natural factors have different effects on population distribution.For a long term,climate and terrain factor stability affect population distribution.But its influence will be weakened by progress of technology.Economic development is the main factor that changes population distribution for a short term.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

单甲脒农药对鱼脑胆碱酯酶活性的影响

金鱼,鲤鱼在实验室驯化４－７ｄ,其脑胆碱酯酶活力在显著水平为Ｐ≤０．０５时,不同组的金鱼,鲤鱼无显著差异。离体实验条件下,单甲脒农药对金鱼,鲤鱼的半抑制浓度分别为１２５．９ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和２５．７ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１。ＤＭＡ农药对鲤鱼的作用大于对金鱼的作用。