Causes of decreased reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in the Jinghe River catchment, northern China

This study focused on the changes of reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and pan evaporation (ET_pan) to study the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle in the Jinghe River catchment. Based on the Penman–Monteith equation, the ET₀ was calculated. The temporal trend and spatial distribution of ET₀ and E_pan measured with a 20-cm pan were examined at the 14 stations during 1957–2005. The effects of meteorological factors on the variation of ET₀ were determined by analyzing the trends in themselves with comparison between original climate and detrended climate scenarios and then their sensitivity to ET₀. Both the ET₀ and E_pan showed remarkable decreasing trends from 1957 to 2005 and their decreasing rate was 40.9 and 17.7 mm per 10 years, respectively. Trend analysis of meteorological factors exhibited that the reduction in ET₀ and ET_pan was principally caused by both significant decreases in wind speed and sunshine hours. Furthermore, the decreasing trend of ET₀ was mainly dominated by the significant decrease in wind speed with high sensitivity, to a less extent, by the decrease in net radiation. Although relative humidity is one of the most sensitive variables, its effect on ET₀ was negligible because of its temporal constancy. The contribution of wind speed reduction to decreased ET₀ has increased from 50 to 76.1%, but net radiation, by contrast, decreased from 50 to 23.9%.     

Urbanisation and human health in China: spatial features and a systemic perspective

Background, aims and scope

Current studies have paid little attention to the dynamism in urban spatial expansion and its possible environmental and health effects or to the health effects of rapid urban environmental change at different points along the urbanisation gradient. This study adopts a public health ecology approach to systematically understand the relationship between urbanisation, urban environmental change and human health in China.

Method

Remote sensing image analysis, based on night light data at five different time periods in recent decades, was used to determine changes to the overall urban area. Through a review of the evidence on the relationships between environmental health, urbanisation and health, we advance a pathway framework for explaining urban human health ecology. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the correlation between disease prevalence and urbanisation level, adding a further dimension to a systemic understanding of urban health.

Results and conclusions

Urban areas have been increasing spatially, but unevenly, in recent decades, with medium and small cities also expanding rapidly in the past decade. Urbanisation and urban expansion result in changes to land use/coverage change, the urban environment and the residents?? lifestyle, which result in human health problems. Regions with the highest urbanisation level were more inclined to have a high prevalence of chronic disease in recent decades. An ecological public health approach provides insights into the multiple types of data which need to be routinely collected if human disease is not to become a barrier to social and economic development.     

Enhanced degradation of ortho-nitrochlorobenzene by the combined system of zero-valent iron reduction and persulfate oxidation in soils

ortho-Nitrochlorobenzene (o-NCB) in soil poses significant health risks to human because of its persistence and high toxicity. The removal of o-NCB by both zero-valent iron (ZVI) and chemical oxidation (persulfate) was investigated by batch experiments. The o-NCB removal rate increases significantly from 15.1 to 97.3 % with an increase of iron dosage from 0.1 to 1.0 mmol g^?1. The o-NCB removal rate increases with the decrease of the initial solution pH, and a removal efficiency of 90.3 % is obtained at an initial pH value of 6.8 in this combined system. It is found that temperature and soil moisture could also increase the o-NCB removal rate. The o-NCB degradation rate increases from 83.9 to 96.2 % and from 41.5 to 82.4 % with an increase of temperature (15 to 35 °C) and soil moisture (0.25 to 1.50 mL g^?1), respectively. Compared to the persulfate oxidation system and ZVI system, the persulfate–iron system shows high o-NCB removal capacity. o-NCB removal rates of 41.5 and 62.4 % are obtained in both the persulfate oxidation system and the ZVI system, while the removal rate of o-NCB is 90.3 % in the persulfate–iron system.     

TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体降解2，4-二硝基苯酚

采用TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体降解废水中的2,4-二硝基苯酚,对反应进行了动力学研究.研究结果表明,在高压脉冲放电等离子体及TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体反应中,2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解过程均符合表观一级反应动力学方程.加入TiO2催化剂、提高放电电压均可提高2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解反应速率常数.在TiO2加入量为0.15%、放电电压为16 kV时,2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解率为87.4%,TiO2的催化效应增强因子为1.55.     

环糊精聚合物对苯胺的吸附和脱附性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂，合成和表征了β-环糊精聚合物(β-CDP)，从动力学和热力学角度研究了β-CDP对苯胺的吸附性能。研究结果表明，β-CDP对水溶液中的苯胺具有一定的吸附量。用Langmuir, Freundlich和DubininRadushkevich(D-R)吸附等温式拟合了平衡等温数据，并计算出每个模型的参数。苯胺在β-CDP上的吸附符合D-R方程，吸附过程是热力学自发行为。在乙醇中，β-CDP的脱附能力很强，且可循环使用多次。     

微量金属元素及其配合物对厨余垃圾甲烷发酵的影响

生物可利用的微量金属元素不仅能够保证污染物以最大的速率转化，而且还可以使某些特殊的转化得以发生，并提高微生物对有毒污染物质的耐受能力。在研究厨余垃圾总固体浓度(total solid, TS)、接种量和C/N比对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵影响的基础上，重点探讨微量金属元素钴及其配合物丝氨酸对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵甲烷产量及关键酶含量的影响。结果表明，当TS为0.5%、接种污泥量为100 mL/L和C/N比为20∶1时，厨余垃圾厌氧发酵的甲烷产率较高，为367 mL/g COD；添加2 μmol/L的微量金属元素钴-配合物丝氨酸时，甲烷产率则提高到432 mL/g COD，相应地，辅酶M的含量由空白实验的41.21 μmol/g VSS提高到54.64 μmol/g VSS，辅酶F₄₂₀的含量由0.31 μmol/g VSS提高到0.48 μmol/g VSS。     

酵母菌对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产乙酸的影响

研究了酵母菌对厌氧发酵过程中垃圾水解速率、挥发性有机酸(VFA)产量、乙酸产量的影响。结果表明：控制反应器中pH值为7时，接种酵母菌后，垃圾的水解速率明显提高，产酸速率和产酸量都明显高于不接种酵母菌的反应器，乙酸浓度能够达到9 458 mg/L，占挥发性有机酸总量的58.2%。垃圾本身含有的微生物对产酸也有促进作用，酵母菌和垃圾本身含有的微生物共同作用才能使得乙酸的产生最大化。     

利用UVC去除低浓度苯的实验研究

探讨了不同实验参数对苯的UVC去除效果的影响，获得了苯的去除率与苯的初始浓度、气体流量、相对湿度和氧气含量等参数之间的关系。数据表明，在实验条件范围内，苯的去除率的倒数与苯初始浓度、气体流量之间为线性关系；苯的去除率随相对湿度的增加呈现先升高后缓慢降低的关系，最佳相对湿度值在30%～50%之间；苯的去除率随氧气量的增加而缓慢增加；波长为185+254 nm的UV与254 nm的UV相比净化效果更为理想。还分析了苯降解产生的中间产物，探讨了苯的降解机理。     

季节性城市生活垃圾成分分析及厌氧消化特性研究

城市生活垃圾的成分及特性随着季节和人类在不同季节的生活习惯而变化，针对我国北方城市研究了一年中不同季节的城市生活垃圾成分特点，对影响厌氧发酵过程的相关成分如总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、蛋白质、脂肪和还原糖等进行了测定分析。通过厌氧消化实验，测得不同季节城市生活垃圾pH值、日产气量、沼气甲烷含量、甲烷累积量、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和氧化还原电位（ORP）等参数的变化规律，分析相应变化的影响因素。结果表明，二、三季度的含水率分别为64．81％和67．50％，高于一、四季度，一季度发酵原料中蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为12．56％和8．86％，明显高于其他3个季度。一季度甲烷累积量最高，达到17616mL，单位发酵原料的产气量为204．8mL／g，也是4个季度中最高的，说明蛋白质、脂肪等有机成分含量对厌氧发酵过程及结果影响比较明显。为进一步的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化制取生物燃气的工艺条件提供依据。     

HZ-16型大孔树脂吸附处理含RDT-8废水

采用HZ-16型大孔树脂对含三（三溴苯氧基）三嗪（RDT-8）废水进行吸附及脱附处理。实验结果表明：在废水流量为4.0 BV/h的条件下，树脂最佳吸附工艺条件为出水体积88.0 BV，此条件下出水COD小于291 mg/L，挥发酚质量浓度小于0.08 mg/L；在脱附液流量为0.5 BV/h的条件下，树脂最佳脱附工艺条件为脱附液体积3.0 BV，此条件下脱附液中挥发酚质量浓度为30.6 mg/L，挥发酚脱附率高达76.4%。在最佳吸附-脱附工艺条件下，连续进行10次动态吸附-脱附实验，吸附出水中COD为137~294 mg/L，COD去除率为72.5%~89.1%，挥发酚质量浓度稳定在0.05 mg/L以下，挥发酚去除率为99.8%~100%，说明HZ-16型大孔树脂的吸附-脱附性能稳定。