催化铁与生物法耦合除磷工艺特性

为了研究催化铁与生物耦合后对生物除磷特性的影响，实验采用人工配水用厌氧／好氧间歇流式富集培养聚磷微生物。对比发现，催化铁与生物耦合组中厌氧末段ORP降低了约60mV，pH值小幅度的上升（≤0．3），整个培养过程中铁离子的浓度开始快速增加，之后趋于稳定（约40mgFe／gMLSS）。对好氧末段污泥SVI值比较发现，耦合工艺污泥沉降性能得到改善。除磷曲线比较发现，耦合组中厌氧末段磷的释放量下降，而好氧阶段磷的吸收速率增加；胞内聚合物提取表明，耦合组厌氧末段聚磷菌细胞内PHA含量有提高，好氧末段糖原含量有下降。磷形态提取分析表明，耦合组好氧末段污泥中无机态PO3 4-- P含量更高。低浓度铁离子可以起到与生物耦合同步除磷的目的，本工艺长期运行未发现耦合体系中催化铁对除磷的抑制作用。     

蒙自矿冶重金属冶炼废水处理工程改造与实践简

蒙自矿冶重金属冶炼废水深度处理工程主要对含重金属污酸和酸性污水处理系统进行改造。针对原有中和处理法存在的诸多问题，本工程在石灰中和处理的基础上新增电絮凝处理系统、化学沉淀微滤处理系统和深度处理系统。工程实践表明，该深度处理工程运行稳定，自动化程度高，处理效果好，废水达到《地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）》Ⅲ类标准，经过处理后的水可全部用于生产系统，实现零排放，同时为冶炼行业重金属废水治理和污染控制提供实践经验。     

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Using N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Additive

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide (HF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite (TPS/MMT). Here, HF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among HF, starch and MMT was proven by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposite was formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, HF-plasticized TPS (HTPS) and TPS/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability of HTPS and TPS/MMT was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposite increased compared with that of pure HTPS. Tensile strengths of TPS/MMT nanocomposites were higher than those of HTPS, but just the reverse for elongations at break.     

TiO_2/PTh/Fe_3O_4催化剂制备及光催化与磁回收性能

以聚噻吩磁性微珠PTh/Fe3O4(PF)为载体,采用低温水热法(170℃,pH=7±0.2)在其表面负载TiO2,制备了壳/壳/核结构的磁载光催化剂TiO2/PTh/Fe3O4(TPTF)。用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外分光光度计(FT-IR)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)对催化剂的形貌、物相组成、表面性质、磁学性质进行了表征。以苯酚为模拟污染物,评价其光催化活性;通过自制的磁回收装置,考察其磁回收特性。结果表明,TiO2晶粒大小在4~6 nm之间,具有混晶结构(锐钛矿型占93.6%,金红石型占6.4%);当nTiO2∶n噻吩单体∶nFe3O4=75∶2.5∶1时,TPTF的催化活性最佳;P25、纯TiO2、TPTF(nTiO2∶n噻吩单体:nFe3O4=75∶2.5∶1)和TiO2/Fe3O4(TF)光催化降解苯酚的速率常数分别是0.0371、0.0302、0.0253和0.0106 min-1;TPTF循环使用5次,其反应速率常数、饱和磁化强度以及磁回收率为0.0205 min-1、1.59emu/g和89.3%,比第1次的0.0253 min-1、1.85 emu/g和94.7%略有降低。     

催化铁与生物法耦合除磷工艺特性简

为了研究催化铁与生物耦合后对生物除磷特性的影响，实验采用人工配水用厌氧/好氧间歇流式富集培养聚磷微生物。对比发现，催化铁与生物耦合组中厌氧末段ORP降低了约60 mV，pH值小幅度的上升（≤0.3），整个培养过程中铁离子的浓度开始快速增加，之后趋于稳定（约40 mg Fe/g MLSS）。对好氧末段污泥SVI值比较发现，耦合工艺污泥沉降性能得到改善。除磷曲线比较发现，耦合组中厌氧末段磷的释放量下降，而好氧阶段磷的吸收速率增加；胞内聚合物提取表明，耦合组厌氧末段聚磷菌细胞内PHA含量有提高，好氧末段糖原含量有下降。磷形态提取分析表明，耦合组好氧末段污泥中无机态PO^3-₄-P含量更高。低浓度铁离子可以起到与生物耦合同步除磷的目的，本工艺长期运行未发现耦合体系中催化铁对除磷的抑制作用。     

Anatomical and physiological responses of Colorado blue spruce to vehicle exhausts

In order to examine whether the leaves of the Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) are damaged or not by traffic pollution, the traits of the anatomy and physiology of its leaves are investigated by exposure to vehicle exhausts in a laboratory experiment lasting 30 days. The results show that both the anatomical structures and physiological traits of the leaves are significantly affected by vehicle exhausts. The anatomical structures, including epidermis, cuticle, palisade, and spongy parenchyma are modified when exposed to the high concentrations (≥0.4 mg/m³) of vehicle exhausts. However, physiological traits such as total chlorophyll content are not changed when exposed to different concentrations of vehicle exhaust. Unlike the total chlorophyll content, the electrical conductivities increased, whereas the POD activities decreased when presented in vehicle exhausts. The present study indicates that the Colorado blue spruce changes its anatomical structures and physiological traits to avoid possible damage by vehicle exhausts.     

模拟生物反应器加速产甲烷过程研究

渗滤液原液回灌易导致填埋垃圾产甲烷过程的滞后,从而对甲烷收集利用产生不利影响。通过3根实验室模拟生物反应器,研究了原液回灌(C1)、渗滤液好氧预处理后回灌(C2)和原液回灌+垃圾层上部通风曝气(C3)3种填埋方式下的填埋气产气规律。结果表明,C1甲烷浓度经历短暂上升,达到19.5%后开始逐渐降低,产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量均很低;C2甲烷浓度逐渐上升,在第121天时甲烷浓度达到50%,产甲烷最高速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.31 L/(kg·d)和25.2 L/kg。在停止上部垃圾层通风曝气后,C3甲烷浓度迅速上升,在81 d时甲烷浓度便达到50%以上,最大产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.22 L/(kg·d)和16.0 L/kg。对各模拟柱填埋气可回收性评价结果表明,C3填埋气可回收利用比例最高,C2略低,C1在实验期间内则无可回收利用气体产生。     

电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线及干燥模型简

通过电渗透脱水技术及自然风干技术两种预处理方式降低污泥含水率，当污泥初始含水率相近时，研究经两种方式处理后污泥的干燥特性曲线，并对电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线的优势情况进行探讨。在40~120℃的低温条件下，研究电渗透脱水污泥（泥饼厚度为3.5 mm）的干燥特性曲线并分析其干燥特性。通过所得电渗透脱水污泥的干燥特性曲线，引入薄层污泥干燥模型进行数值分析。结果表明，在实验条件下，电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率要优于自然风干污泥的干燥速率。随着温度的升高，电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率随之升高，干燥到所需含水率的时间则随之减少。Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合描述薄层电渗透脱水污泥在低温条件下的干燥特性。     

Residue levels of hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in human milk collected from Beijing

Forty-eight human breast milk samples were collected from mothers in Beijing. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDT) contents of the samples were determined by gas chromatography/electron capture detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were detected at rates of 20, 100, 10, 100, 10, and 22 %, respectively. The average residue levels in the samples were 174.6 ng/g fat for β-HCH, 333.8 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDE, 6.57 ng/g fat for α-HCH, 7.67 ng/g fat for γ-HCH, 4.18 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDD, and 11.4 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDT. The results showed that the infants’ daily intake levels of HCH and DDT were 0.95 and 1.76 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Our result suggested that the total residue level of these organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Beijing decreased and was lower than that from other coastal and heavy industrial cities in China. On the other hand, the levels of HCH and DDT were higher than those from some developed countries, but lower than those from other developing countries such as India.     

改性啤酒酵母及柑橘皮凝胶小球对铜的吸附性能

为有效去除污水中的铜离子并实现资源有效的利用,以啤酒酵母和柑橘皮为原料制备海藻酸钙固定啤酒酵母菌小球(SCA)、海藻酸钙固定柑橘皮小球(OPCA)及海藻酸钙固定柑橘皮及啤酒酵母菌复合小球(OPSCA),研究了其对铜离子的吸附和解吸性能。研究结果表明,3种吸附剂对铜离子吸附的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量的大小顺序为:OPSCAOPCASCA。吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型。吸附过程被内扩散步骤和外扩散步骤共同控制。Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟3种吸附剂的吸附数据,SCA、OPCA及OPSCA的理论最大吸附量分别为33.49、40.80和61.69 mg/g。3种吸附剂可利用0.1 mol/L的盐酸解吸再生,可循环使用3次以上。