垃圾堆放发酵机理与应用工艺研究

对垃圾的发酵机理进行了实验研究,对渗沥液的析出量及其酸碱度、堆酵后垃圾热值的变化以及堆内温度的变化进行了观测,并对堆酵过程的机理进行了初步分析,给出了垃圾堆酵应用工艺的建议.     

用于干式脱污的CaO蒸汽活化实验研究

利用小型活化转炉实验台对以CaO为主要成分的钙基脱污剂在300～650℃的温度范围内进行蒸汽活化处理,结合X射线衍射和压汞仪的分析结果,初步探讨了蒸汽活化的机理.研究表明,蒸汽活化温度在600℃以上时,脱污剂孔隙结构有显著的改善,比孔容积和比表面积有着显著的增加,微孔(＜100nm)的数量大量增加,而低温下蒸汽活化的效果不是十分明显;研究还发现高温下延长活化时间有利于改善脱污剂的孔隙结构.     

土壤对铜和镉的静态吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验研究了德兴矿区大坞河下游下沽口土壤对铜和镉的吸附特点并采用Freundlich等温吸附方程进行拟合,探讨了pH值变化对铜和镉在土壤样品中分配系数的影响。结果表明：土壤铜和镉的吸附特性均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,得到的金属铜和镉的Kf值分别为354．08、34．132;随着pH值的升高,铜和镉在土壤中的分配系数逐步增大,随后降低,pH值与分配系数关系曲线为单峰曲线。     

垃圾焚烧重金属迁移特性及其影响因素

综述了城市固体垃圾（MSW）焚烧过程中的Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu,Zn,As和Cr等几种主要重金属污染源在焚烧过程中的迁移特性及其主要影响因素。将重金属在焚烧过程中的迂变归结为：蒸发、气相和表面反应、冷凝成核团聚和飞灰吸附等4个主要过程；而垃圾中重金属的初始浓度、原始垃圾的基体盐分（如Al、Si和K、Na等的存在形式）、垃圾中的C1（PVc和NaCl）和S的含量、垃圾的含水量以及焚烧过程中的运行参数（温度、滞留时间、氧化一还原气氛）等都会对焚烧过程的迁移规律产生影响。     

成矿流体地球化学界面:Ⅱ组成及标志

本文主要介绍了地球化学界面的三个组成部分 (环境条件突变界面、流体性质演化界面、流体 -环境作用界面 ) ,地球化学界面的标志及识别方法     

傍河型渗渠取水水质安全评价研究——以海浪河某水源地为例

在一些特殊的河段或地形条件下,渗渠取水在供水安全保障方面发挥着重要作用。运用内梅罗污染指数法对海浪河某傍河型渗渠水源地附近的河水水质、渗渠运行期间的渗渠水水质,以及渗渠停用后渗渠周围地下水水质进行了对比分析,结果表明,渗渠运行期间河水的水质综合评分在1~2之间(Ⅱ类水),同期的渗渠水水质综合评分在0.5左右(Ⅰ类水),在渗渠停用后周围地下水水质综合评分在2左右(Ⅲ类水);可见,渗渠水质优于河水。因此,在适宜地段合理布设渗渠,可进一步保障供水安全。     

Thermodynamic analysis on heavy metals partitioning impacted by moisture during the MSW incineration

A thermodynamic calculation was carried out to predict the behavior and speciation of heavy metals (HMs), Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration with the different moisture levels. The calculation was based on the minimization of the total Gibbs free energy of the multi-components and multi-phases closed system reaching chemical equilibrium. The calculation also indicated the reaction directions and tendencies of HMs components. The impacts of chlorine additives (No PVC, 1%PVC, and 5%PVC) and moisture on the behavior of HMs were investigated at different temperature levels in the system (750 °C, 950 °C, and 1150 °C). Furthermore, because the incineration temperature falls down with the increase in moisture in waste, the co-influence of moisture and temperature in combusting MSW on the HMs was also studied with the given chlorine (as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl). The results showed that in the non-chlorine system, the impact of the moisture on Pb, Zn, and Cu was not significant, and the ratio of compound transformation was less than 10%, except the Cd compounds at 950 °C and 1150 °C. In the system with low chlorine (as 1%PVC) at constant temperature, the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferred to oxides, and when the content of chlorine rose up (as 5%PVC), the ratio of the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferring to oxides fell down noticeably. When the moisture varied together with the temperature, the Zn and Cu compounds transferred from chlorides to oxides with increase in moisture as well as decrease in temperature. At the temperature of 700–1000 °C, the impact of temperature on Pb and Cd was little and the moisture was the main factor; while at the temperature of 1000–1200 °C, the impact of increase in moisture and decrease in temperature on Pb and Cd was almost equal and reversed.     

垃圾渗滤液有机组分和氨氮在孔隙介质中的迁移特征

通过室内土柱淋滤模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液中有机组分(用CODCr表示)和氨氮在不同含水介质中的迁移规律和特征,并通过实验数据计算了延迟因子、COD衰减率和氨氮的单位质量介质吸附量等参数.结果显示,COD在中砂、细砂和粉土中迁移的延迟因子分别为1.13、1.23和1.24,表明有机物在三种实验介质中只发生轻微的延迟作朋;CODCr在三种介质中的自然衰减率分别为50.8%、55.2%和64.8%;氨氮的迁移由于吸附作用发生明显的延迟,其在上述三种介质中迁移的延迟因子和单位质量介质吸附最分别为3.30和194 mg·kg-1、3.91和223 mg·kg-1,以及5.12和280 mg·kg1;饱和条件下渗滤液中的氨氮较难发生硝化作用.上述结果可为评价垃圾渗滤液对地下水环境的影响提供技术参数.     

Distribution,bioavailability, and potential ecological risk of Cu,Pb, and Zn in soil in a potential groundwater source area

In this study, we examined three horizontal and vertical soil profiles along a sewage drainage ditch in order to determine the spatial distribution of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils and to assess the bioavailability and potential ecological risks associated with these metals in a potential groundwater source area. Results showed that the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn were approximately at background level, suggesting that human activities (industrial and agricultural pollution) had a negligible influence on these metals in soil, and that the concentrations reflected the natural background levels in the study area. Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were slightly higher in topsoil (0–20 cm) than deeper in the soil profile. Using a modified BCR sequential extraction method to evaluate the mobility and bioavailability of metals showed that the potential bioavailability sequence of Cu, Pb, and Zn at three depths in the soil profile was in the order Cu?≈?Pb?<?Zn. The potential ecological risk from the metals was evaluated using risk assessment code, and the results suggest that Cu and Zn pose no or low risk, while there is a low or medium risk from Pb. Results from groundwater monitoring showed that the groundwater was not polluted by leaching from soil.     

单一及复合表面活性剂对菌株降解柴油的影响

研究了单一表面活性剂SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响,同时探讨了不同比例配制的复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂的CMC值变化,及对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响。实验主要结论如下：（1）SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂,都能提高菌株SD10对柴油的降解率,鼠李糖脂能力最强,其次为TW80,SDS能力最弱。SDS和TW80浓度过高,会抑制菌株生长及活性,导致降解率下降,不过这种抑制或毒害作用可能是短时间的,超过一定时间后,菌株SD10活性又能恢复;（2）TW80或鼠李糖脂,与SDS复配,都能显著降低复合体系的CMC值,且SDS－鼠李糖脂复合体系的CMC值更低;（3）复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂比单一表面活性剂性能更强,能有效提高菌株对柴油的降解率,特别是鼠李糖脂和SDS配制复合表面活性剂效果更佳。复合表面活性剂的研究也将为表面活性剂增溶促降解研究和应用提供新的思路和理论基础。