分体式空调室外机排热对周围环境的影响

利用FLUENT软件研究了在有、无自然风情形下空调室外机射流排热的温度场、速度场随室内、环境温度变化的规律,并通过空调室外机卷吸的空气流量计算疏散空调排热所消耗的自然资源量(以能值表示)。结果表明:(1)在有、无自然风情形下,环境温度变化对空调室外机排热的温度场影响显著。(2)在距射流出口前3m处风速分布一致,之后则有所不同,但整体而言有自然风情形下风速分布较无自然风时衰减更快。(3)室内和环境温度都较高时空调室外机卷吸的空气流量较大,距射流出口3m之后温度每变化1℃时卷吸空气流量基本相同。(4)在室内和环境温度不变时,有自然风时较无自然风时卷吸的空气流量小,无自然风情形下疏散空调排热所消耗的自然资源量是有自然风情形下的1.1倍以上。     

南宁市南湖富营养化防治对策及综合整治方案的研究

由于大量生活污水未经处理排放南宁市南湖,南湖富营养化状已非常严重,各种水体功能均受到严重影响,治理南湖已刻不容缓。     

Highly degradable chitosan-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite hydrogel for controlled fertilizer release

● A controlled-release fertilizer was developed based on chitosan biopolymer scaffold. ● Chitosan-MMT scaffold achieved a well-controlled nutrient release. ● Highly water-absorbing chitosan-MMT hydrogels enhanced the soil water retention. ● Physically crosslinked chitosan-MMT hydrogels exhibited excellent degradability. Fertilizer consumption is increasing drastically along with the rapid expansion of farming in response to the ever-growing population. However, a significant portion of the nutrients in traditional fertilizers is lost during leaching and runoff causing economic loss and environmental threats. Polymer-modified controlled-release fertilizers provide an opportunity for mitigating adverse environmental effects and increasing the profitability of crop production. Here, we present a cheap and easy-to-fabricate controlled-release fertilizer excipient based on hydrogels scaffolded by safe and biodegradable chitosan and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. By introducing elastic and flexible physical crosslinking induced by 2-dimensional (2D) MMT nanoflakes into the chitosan hydrogel, highly swellable and degradable chitosan-MMT nanocomposites were fabricated. The addition of MMT into the chitosan hydrogels enhanced the total release of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), from 22.0 % to 94.9 % and 9.6% to 31.4 %, respectively, compared to the pure chitosan gel. The chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel achieved a well-controlled overall fertilizer release in soil. A total of 55.3 % of loaded fertilizer was released over 15 d with a daily release of 2.8 %. For the traditional fertilizer podwer, 89.2 % of the fertilizer was washed out during the first irrigation under the same setup. In the meantime, the nanocomposites improved the water retention of the soil, thanks to its excellent water absorbency. Moreover, the chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited high degradation of 57 % after swelling in water for 20 d. Such highly degradable fertilizer excipient poses minimal threat to the long-term fertility of the soil. The engineered Chitosan-MMT biopolymer scaffold as a controlled-release fertilizer excipient provides a promising opportunity for advancing sustainable agriculture.     

Association between postnatal second-hand smoke exposure and ADHD in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental risk...     

A new model to predict the relative permeability of wetting phase for tight sandstones

As the existing model is not suitable for tight sandstone reservoirs, a new model has been derived theoretically to correlate the relative permeability of wetting phase, saturation and the tortuosity ratio based on revised Kozeny–Carman equation. According to the similarity between the flow of fluid and current, we found that the wetting phase relative permeability is a function of the tortuosity ratio, saturation and the saturation index. In order to verify the new model, 11 cores were taken from tight sandstone reservoirs in northwestern and northeastern China. By comparing with the existing models, the new model is more suitable for the core which has low permeability (<10 mD) and saturation index (<1.8).     

The profiles of chiral pesticides in peri-urban areas near Yangtze River: Enantioselective distribution characteristics and correlations with surface sediments

Chiral pesticides account for 30% of pesticides. Pesticides are inevitably leached into the groundwater by runoff. At the watershed level, the distribution characteristics of enantiomers in sediments collected from the river network of an agricultural area near the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were tested, and their potential correlations with the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of the sediments were analyzed. The sediment pollution was serious at sites 8 and 9, with their pollution source possibly being agricultural or industrial sewage. Moreover, there were higher cumulative contents of pesticide residues at sites 4, 8, and 9. Specifically, Cycloxaprid was the most detected chiral pesticide in the study area, followed by Dinotefuran and Diclofop-methyl. Additionally, Ethiprole and Difenoconazole had strong enantioselectivity in the study area. Interestingly, the enantiomers of some chiral pesticides, such as Tebuconazole, had completely different distributions at different sites. Pearson correlation analysis showed that sediment catalase and microbial biomass carbon were important factors for enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. The effect of sediment physicochemical properties on enantioselective distribution was achieved by influencing the microorganisms in the sediment. Furthermore, the enantioselective distribution of Tebuconazole was closely related to the genus Arenimonas. Overall, the enantioselective distribution of most of the chiral pesticides was positively correlated with the prokaryotic microbial community. This study provides empirical support for agricultural non-point source pollution caused by chiral pesticides, and also lays a research foundation for exploring the factors that affect the fate of chiral pesticides in the environment.     

基于频率变化的混凝土楼板损伤评价研究∗

提出了基于楼板模态频率变化的楼面板损伤评价方法,采用数值模拟对楼板损伤与频率的关系开展研究。 首先,对分层式与整体式两种楼板分别进行线性加载试验与等幅循环加载试验,并对后者进行了模态测试。在此基础上,提出了精细化数值模拟方法,并与线性加载的试件进行对比。最后,采用有限元数值模拟方法计算了基于整体结构频率的结构损伤与基于楼板频率变化的损伤。结果表明：①开裂后的楼板频率低于开裂前的楼板频率, 分层式楼板与整体式楼板开裂前后对应的自振频率相近;②精细化有限元数值模拟方法可较为准确地模拟楼板开裂损伤性能与开裂前后的模态变化;③已有基于整体结构频率变化的损伤评价方法无法准确反映楼板的损伤状态;④通过数值模拟计算出的基于楼板频率变化的损伤评价方法,可准确反映楼板开裂的损伤状态,为相应构件的损伤评价提供借鉴。     

多级闸坝对大型底栖动物群落日漂流规律的影响

河流中底栖动物的漂流模式是维持群落动态稳定的重要因素,闸坝改变了河流原有的水文节律,阻隔了底栖动物纵向漂流的连续性,闸坝对河流大型底栖动物群落的影响机制是近年来河流纵向格局维持研究的热点问题.2018年8月选择神农架国家级保护区的九冲河,在上游参照点(S1)、第一级电站取水口下游(S2)和第二级电站取水口下游(S3)布设3个样点开展24 h的日漂流监测,研究多级闸坝对大型底栖动物漂流类群、漂流节律和β生物多样性的变化.结果表明:①九冲河漂流的主要优势类群为蜉蝣目和毛翅目.②受堰坝阻隔影响,各样点漂流最优势物种发生了变化,S1样点为四节蜉(Baetis sp.),S2样点为花翅蜉(Baetiella sp.),S3样点为舌石蛾(Glossosoma sp.).③尽管各样点仍然以双峰型漂流模式为主,但参照点S1为“alternans”型的夜漂流,而坝下S2和S3样点则为“bigeminus”型的夜漂流,前者漂流密度的最大值出现在黎明前,而后者则为日落后.④坝下(S2和S3)漂流底栖动物的物种数明显低于参照点(S1),单因素方差分析表明闸坝阻隔具有显著的累积效应,3个样点漂流底栖动物的生物量之间存在差异显著(P < 0.05),漂流密度在参照点S1和坝下(S2和S3)的差异显著(P < 0.05).⑤基于Bray-Curtis相似性的聚类分析表明,S2样点群落发生了明显的分化,其日间样品均与S3样点聚为一类,而夜间样品全部与S1样点聚为一类.⑥采用无度量多维度标定排序(NMDS)进行的β多样性分析表明,S1样点漂流群落的昼夜差异性最小,S3样点的差异性最大.研究显示,九冲河小水电梯级开发造成了漂流型大型底栖动物群落结构、漂流规律和β生物多样性发生变化,3个样点的漂流优势类群发生改变,β多样性的变化随梯级闸坝呈现明显的累积效应,从长期来看会对河流生态系统的稳定性和生态功能造成深远影响.