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91.
Anton Shkaruba Olga Likhacheva Tatiana Vasileva 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2018,20(2):236-251
The paper explores the impact and sustainability of environmental assistance coming to Russia from EU-based public and private foundations, and its implications for environmental governance. Geographically, the study ’encompassed all the assistance projects awarded in 1991–2016 involving beneficiaries from Pskovskaya Oblast’. This region is potentially an important target for EU investments in environmental infrastructure, due to its location by the EU border and high value of natural capital. The study demonstrates how the assumptions offered by the international aid literature (mostly derived from the global South) apply to Russia. We found major limitations to the assumption that co-financing provided by recipients ensures project effectiveness (demonstrating the acceptance of the donor's agenda) or sustainability (providing interest to the maintenance of outputs). Tangible assets are normally co-financed only if the investment was in agenda anyway (and therefore the donor gets only time gains, although this can be a valid purpose too); soft outputs (plans, surveys, policies, etc.) are usually co-financed in-kind, and therefore cannot secure any additional commitment. Likewise, physical infrastructure often ends up mismanaged due to low or no maintenance budgets available, while maintenance of soft outputs is too much dependent on contextual factors beyond the co-finance paradigm. 相似文献
92.
Katherine R. M. Mackey Tanya Rivlin Arthur R. Grossman Anton F. Post Adina Paytan 《Marine Biology》2009,156(8):1531-1546
The spring bloom in seasonally stratified seas is often characterized by a rapid increase in photosynthetic biomass. To clarify
how the combined effects of nutrient and light availability influence phytoplankton composition in the oligotrophic Gulf of
Aqaba, Red Sea, phytoplankton growth and acclimation responses to various nutrient and light regimes were recorded in three
independent bioassays and during a naturally-occurring bloom. We show that picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus maintained a “bloomer” growth strategy, which allowed them to grow quickly when nutrient and light limitation were reversed.
During the bloom picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus appeared to have higher P requirements relative to N, and were responsible for the majority of photosynthetic biomass accumulation.
Following stratification events, populations limited by light showed rapid photoacclimation (based on analysis of cellular
fluorescence levels and photosystem II photosynthetic efficiency) and community composition shifts without substantial changes
in photosynthetic biomass. The traditional interpretation of “bloom” dynamics (i.e., as an increase in photosynthetic biomass)
may therefore be confined to the upper euphotic zone where light is not limiting, while other acclimation processes are more
ecologically relevant at depth. Characterizing acclimation processes and growth strategies is important if we are to clarify
mechanisms that underlie productivity in oligotrophic regions, which account for approximately half of the global primary
production in the ocean. This information is also important for predicting how phytoplankton may respond to global warming-induced
oligotrophic ocean expansion. 相似文献
93.
Arian D. Wallach Chelsea Batavia Marc Bekoff Shelley Alexander Liv Baker Dror Ben-Ami Louise Boronyak Adam P. A. Cardilin Yohay Carmel Danielle Celermajer Simon Coghlan Yara Dahdal Jonatan J. Gomez Gisela Kaplan Oded Keynan Anton Khalilieh Helen Kopnina William S. Lynn Yamini Narayanan Sophie Riley Francisco J. Santiago-Ávila Esty Yanco Miriam A. Zemanova Daniel Ramp 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1097-1106
Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space. 相似文献
94.
Jana Kopčeková Anna Kolesárová Anton Kováčik Eva Kováčiková Martina Gažarová Peter Chlebo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(5):298-303
The present study was designed to reveal whether long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds causes changes in lipid profile and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The study group consisted of 12 healthy adult volunteers (5 females and 7 males). The average age of women was 41.60 ± 11.28 years and the average age of men was 36.71 ± 13.70 years. Volunteers consumed 60 mg kg?1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds divided into 8–12 doses daily for 12 weeks. Volunteers were recruited from the general population of Slovak Republic. After 12 weeks, mean body weight of the participants increased from 77.34 to 78.22 kg (P > 0.05). The average total cholesterol levels decreased from 4.86 mmol L?1 at the beginning of the study to 4.44 mmol L?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.05). We did not observe any significant increase in high-density cholesterol (from 1.55 to 1.60 mmol L?1). The average low-density cholesterol levels decreased from 2.93 mmol L?1 at the beginning of the study to 2.31 mmol L?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). Concentration of triglycerides increased significantly over the 12-week intervention period from 0.84 to 1.17 mmol L?1. After the intervention, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level decreased from 1.92 to 1.23 mg L?1, but results were non-significant (P > 0.05). Creatine kinase serum levels increased from 2.31 to 2.77 mg L?1 (P > 0.05) over the 12-week intervention period. The results suggest that regular intake of bitter apricot seeds may be considered potentially useful for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. 相似文献
95.
96.
Daniel Ragnvaldsson Magnus Bergknut Jeffrey Lewis Stina Drotz Anton Lundkvist Kent Abrahamsson Sten Fernerud 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2014,12(3):443-447
When exposed to the weather, sulfidic minerals release sulfuric acid, metals and metalloids. This leachate can devastate nearby ecosystems for centuries. This article reports a novel barrier system based on green liquor dregs that reduces acid generation, is inexpensive, and is practical for implementation at operational mines. Two waste rock piles were constructed. One pile was left open to the atmosphere, and the other was sealed with green liquor dregs and partially capped with a polyethylene liner. This test was designed in collaboration with personnel from Boliden Mineral AB, a Swedish mining company in order to ensure that the results would be practical to implement at an operational mine. Leachate flow and chemistry were monitored in both piles over a period of 12 months. Effluent volume was 40 % lower in the test pile, while thirteen of the twenty elements assessed showed average concentrations that were 50 % lower in the test pile than in the control pile. For the most environmentally toxic elements As, Cd, Pb and Hg, reductions were even more significant, ranging between 67 and 87 %. These positive results are hypothesized to be primarily due to the chemical and physical characteristics of the green liquor dregs. The novelty of this result is that it is the first barrier system that fulfills the multiple needs of the Swedish mining industry: It is effective in reducing acid mine drainage while remaining both economical and practical. No other barrier system meets these requirements. 相似文献
97.
An interesting alternative to wall-to-wall mapping approaches for the estimation of landscape metrics is to use sampling. Sample-based approaches are cost-efficient, and measurement errors can be reduced considerably. The previous efforts of sample-based estimation of landscape metrics have mainly been focused on data collection methods, but in this study, we consider two estimation procedures. First, landscape metrics of interest are calculated separately for each sampled image and then the image values are averaged to obtain an estimate of the entire landscape (separated procedure, SP). Second, metric components are calculated in all sampled images and then the aggregated values are inserted into the landscape metric formulas (aggregated procedure, AP). The national land cover map (NLCM) of Sweden, reflecting the status of land cover in the year 2000, was used to provide population information to investigate the statistical performance of the estimation procedures. For this purpose, sampling simulation with a large number of replications was used. For all three landscape metrics, the second procedure (AP) produced a lower relative RMSE and bias than the first one (SP). A smaller sample unit size (50 ha) produced larger bias than a larger one (100 ha), whereas a smaller sample unit size produced a lower variance than a larger sample unit. The efficiency of a metric estimator is highly related to the degree of landscape fragmentation and the selected procedure. Incorporating information from all of the sampled images into a single one (aggregated procedure, AP) is one way to improve the statistical performance of estimators. 相似文献
98.
Wimmerová S Lancz K Tihányi J Sovčíková E Kočan A Drobná B Palkovičová L Jurečková D Fabišiková A Conka K Trnovec T 《Chemosphere》2011,82(5):687-691
The aim was to determine half-life of six most abundant PCB congeners in the body of early adolescents. In 304 environmentally exposed children, PCB serum concentration was determined at the age of 8 and 12 years. Half-life was determined for each child assuming exponential decrease or for the whole cohort using multiple regression. Results obtained by both approaches were in agreement. PCB reuptakes corrupting half-life estimates for each child and each congener were evaluated. If one of the serum PCB concentration values fell below the level of detection (LOD) the pair was excluded and if PCB half-life value exceeded the arbitrary value of 30 years. The following median half-lives in years 4.46, 10.59, 9.7, 4.7, 9.1 and 9.8 were obtained for PCB congeners 118, 138+163, 153, 156+171, 170 and 180, respectively. The elimination half-life values were not systematically related to PCB serum concentration at any examination age. Between half-life values, percentage of children with significant reuptakes and PCB congener abundance in serum were found significant associations. 相似文献
99.
The link between ecology and economies is manifest over the world as a result of long-term processes. But because these processes are long term, it is hard to prove the link. On Sardinia serious economic development was late to arrive, having occurred only over the last few decades. As a case study, research was carried out for 10 years on the state of nature as well as the economic growth in one of the least developed areas abutting the Gulf of Orosei on the east coast. Based on research and lasting attention to political affairs concerning the project, we formulate general recommendations for the area. In 1995, the Italian Government will be asked by the European Government to undertake serious steps to save endemics (especially herpetofauna) of Europe's last pristine areas. 相似文献
100.