从汶川大地震看“安全社区”建设

在2008年“5·12”汶川特大地震中，四川安县桑枣中学因2200名学生和老师无一伤亡而声名远扬，这一“奇迹”完全得益于该校校长每年组织学生紧急疏散演习。     

Human exposure to methylmercury from crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China

Methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in aquatic food raises global concerns about human exposure to MeHg. Crayfish is the world’s third largest farmed crustacean species and a favorite aquatic food in many countries. However, human health hazard due to MeHg exposure via crayfish consumption is unclear, partly because appropriate survey data are lacking. We report on mercury concentrations and speciation in edible tail muscle of crayfish collected from restaurants in 23 Chinese cities. On average, MeHg constituted 99.1 % of mercury in tail muscle, and MeHg concentrations were comparable with those reported for fish in China. Variation in MeHg concentrations was not attributable to broad geographic region (i.e., provinces) or tail length. For different populations, potential health risk (characterized by hazard quotient or HQ) of MeHg exposure through crayfish consumption depended largely on crayfish consumption rates. In particular, a health hazard (HQ > 1) was found for high-rate consumers (i.e., 95 %ile or higher) in some cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR), during the peak consumption season. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to dietary MeHg intake via crayfish consumption in China, particularly for communities with high consumption in MLYR.

     

抗菌消费品中纳米银含量调查及银的健康风险评价

纳米银(Ag NP)因具有良好的抗菌特性被广泛应用于日常消费品中,人体主要通过皮肤接触或口服等方式暴露于Ag NP。为了评价这些抗菌消费品中银对成人的非致癌暴露风险,对市面10种日常抗菌消费品中Ag NP和总银含量进行了调查,并采用美国环保局推荐的皮肤和口部暴露途径的健康风险评估模型来评价含银抗菌消费品引起的皮肤及口部非致癌暴露风险。调查结果表明:4种液态抗菌消费品中检测出Ag NP,含量为0.79~57.89 mg·L~(-1),占其总银含量的8.8%~99.1%。其他厂家标注含有Ag NP的抗菌消费品中则未检测出Ag NP。风险评价结果显示,大多数抗菌消费品的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.8×10-1,其中经皮肤暴露的银非致癌风险熵为1.0×10-3~6.8×10-1,经口暴露的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.0×10-3,对人体健康不会产生显著风险;然而,其中1种抗菌消费品中银的风险熵上限为0.86,接近于1,存在潜在的非致癌风险。     

Equilibrium sorption of phenanthrene by soil humic acids

This study investigated the effect of chemical heterogeneity of humic acids (HAs) on the equilibrium sorption of phenanthrene by HA extracts. Six HA samples were extracted from three different soils with 0.5 M NaOH and 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ and were characterized with elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The equilibrium sorption measurements were carried out with a batch technique and using the six HA solids as the sorbents and phenanthrene as the sorbate. The measured sorption isotherm data were fitted to the Freundlich equation. The results showed that, for the same soil, (i) the total HA mass extracted with Na₄P₂O₇ was 13.7–22.6% less than that extracted with NaOH, (ii) the Na₄P₂O₇-extracted HA had higher O/C atomic ratio, greater content of polar organic carbons (POC), and lower aliphatic carbon content than the NaOH-extracted HA, and (iii) the Na₄P₂O₇-extracted HA exhibited greater sorption isotherm linearity and but not dramatic difference in sorption capacities than the NaOH extracted HA. The differences in the HA properties resulting from the two different extraction methods may be because NaOH can hydrolyze insoluble HA fractions such as fatty acid like macromolecules bound on soils whereas Na₄P₂O₇ could not. As a result, the HAs extracted with the two different methods had different polarity and functionality which affected their sorption property for phenanthrene.     

Salivary cortisol and cortisone levels,and breast milk dioxin concentrations in Vietnamese primiparas

There is a great deal of concern regarding the adverse effects of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) present in Agent Orange and other herbicides on Vietnam's population and ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dioxin exposure on adrenal steroids in saliva, and dioxin levels in breast milk, of primiparas in an Agent Orange/dioxin hot-spot and a non-exposed area in Vietnam on the basis of epidemiological research. The subjects were 35 lactating women who had recently given birth to their first or second child. A further sub-study involved eight primiparas from each area. All subjects were aged between 20 and 30 years with infants aged between 4 and 16 weeks. The mean concentration of PCDD, PCDF, and PCDD?+?PCDF toxic equivalents (TEQ) in breast milk in the hot-spot area was significantly higher than in the non-exposed area. Cortisol and cortisone levels in the saliva of primiparas in the hot-spot area were also significantly higher than those in the non-exposed area. There was a significant negative correlation between cortisol and the cortisol/cortisone ratio and PCDD?+?PCDF and PCDF TEQ levels in the hot-spot area. Furthermore, the correlation between cortisol and cortisone and the PCDD + PCDF, PCDD, and PCDF TEQ in the combination of hot spot + non-exposed area was significant according to the curve (bell style). Our results suggest that Agent Orange/dioxin exposure still exerts a major influence on the salivary hormones of the Vietnamese population.     

Dioxin levels in the breast milk and estradiol and androgen levels in the saliva of Vietnamese primiparae

Human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), especially 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), was investigated in Vietnam since initial severe adverse health effects were reported in the late 1970s. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dioxin exposure on steroid hormones of primiparae in an Agent Orange/dioxin hot-spot and a non-exposed area in Vietnam. Sixteen primiparae (8 at each site), all of whom were aged between 20 and 30 years with infants aged between 4 and 16 weeks, agreed to participate in this study. The mean dioxin levels in breast milk of primiparae from the hot-spot area, in terms of PCDD, PCDF, and PCDD?+?PCDF toxic equivalents (TEQ), were significantly higher than those for the non-exposed area. PCDD TEQ, PCDF TEQ, and PCDD?+?PCDF TEQ levels showed a significant correlation with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A-dione), and estradiol (E2) in the saliva of primiparae in a combination of hot-spot and non-exposed areas in Vietnam. The dose–response curve between salivary E2 or A-dione levels and dioxin levels was U-shaped in humans. This study provides an overview of studies regarding dioxin hot-spots and effects on human health and steroid hormone levels in particular, with a focus on the toxicity attributed to dioxins and furans. Furthermore, causal evidence regarding the effects of dioxins on endocrine disruption in humans is provided.     

1960年-2014年天山北麓气温和降水变化趋势及预测研究

利用天山北麓17个气象站点1960年-2014年的气温和降水资料,采用Morlet小波分析、R/S分析等,研究了天山北麓气温和降水的时间变化.结果表明,(1)天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量分别以0.035℃/a和0.881 mm/a的倾向率呈上升趋势;季节变化明显;(2)年平均气温和年降水量有明显的周期性,年平均气温在55 a尺度内存在13 a的强显著周期,年降水量在55 a尺度内存在8 a的强显著周期.(3)未来一段时间内,天山北麓气温和降水均呈上升趋势,且与过去的变化趋势持续性较强.     

工艺安全信息要素的探讨

工艺系统的危险性通常来自于所涉及的化学品和工艺过程（工艺技术和工艺设备）所带来的危害。工艺安全信息是开展工艺危害分析的依据,也是落实工艺安全管理系统其它要素的基础。近几年来,我国化工和石化行业发生多起重大工艺安全事故,这些重大工艺安全事故的发生是由多个工艺安全管理要素的缺失所造成的结果。此外,上艺安全信息没能得到有效掌控和合理应用,不能及时准确地为科学决策指导安全生产提供支持,也是导致这些事故发生的重要因素。     

应用化学提取法评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性

以广州市楼顶降尘为研究对象,在分析其粒度分布和重金属总量的基础上,采用单一化学提取法（DWLP、TCLP）和多级化学提取法（SEP）研究了大气颗粒物中4种重金属元素的生物有效性。结果表明：样品中96％以上颗粒小于100μm,其中10μm和2．5μm以下颗粒分别占33％和11％。大气颗粒物中重金属含量很高,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的平均含量分别为362．43、1033．81、830．32和5．80mg／kg,是广东省环境土壤背景值的17～64倍。单一提取法中,TCLP的提取效率明显高于DWLP,表明pH值是影响大气颗粒物中重金属释放的主要因素。SEP法结果显示,Zn和Cd的生物可利用态比例远高于Cu和Pb。经DWLP和TCLP法提取后,颗粒物中重金属的总含量有不同程度的降低,生物可利用态所占比例明显增加。通过综合分析,发现SEP此其他两种方法更适用于评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性。