废旧弹药装药倒空方法的研究进展

随着弹药武器装备的更新换代,以及库存弹药超过储存年限,报废弹药销毁量越来越大,伴随出现的事故也越来越多,使得国内外对废旧弹药处理技术高效、安全、环保的要求也越来越高。基于废旧弹药的绿色回收利用技术,总结了废旧弹药装药倒空方法的国内外研究现状,分析了加热熔融、钻屑吸出、水射流冲洗、水力空化、低温冲洗、冷循环、超声振动及仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合8种倒药方法的优缺点,从高效、安全、环保和能否实现弹体与装药完全分离的角度,指出超声振动倒空法安全性好,倒空速度快,处理过程绿色无污染,可实现装药与壳体高效完全分离,具有广阔的发展前景,值得推广和深入研究;仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合倒空法集合了仿形钻削的高效率、无污染,能实现生产线的自动化控制,以及干冰喷射处理的炸药品种多、不存在"三废"等优点,是未来研究的主要方向之一。     

Satellite telemetry reveals behavioural plasticity in a green turtle population nesting in Sri Lanka

Satellite transmitters were deployed on ten green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting in Rekawa Sanctuary (RS-80.851°E 6.045°N), Sri Lanka, during 2006 and 2007 to determine inter-nesting and migratory behaviours and foraging habitats. Nine turtles subsequently nested at RS and demonstrated two inter-nesting strategies linked to the location of their residence sites. Three turtles used local shallow coastal sites within 60 km of RS during some or all of their inter-nesting periods and then returned to and settled at these sites on completion of their breeding seasons. In contrast, five individuals spent inter-nesting periods proximate to RS and then migrated to and settled at distant (>350 km) shallow coastal residence sites. Another turtle also spent inter-nesting periods proximate to RS and then migrated to a distant oceanic atoll and made forays into oceanic waters for 42 days before transmissions ceased. This behavioural plasticity informs conservation management beyond protection at the nesting beach.     

Comparisons in demographic rates of bay scallops in eelgrass and the introduced alga, Codium fragile, in New York

Bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, supported vibrant fisheries which subsequently collapsed, as such, they are a focus species for many restoration efforts along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. The scallops’ preferred habitat, seagrass, has also dramatically declined, and some scallop populations have increased post-restoration despite reduced seagrass cover. This has led to the hypothesis that macroalgae may serve as suitable alternative habitats for bay scallops. This study is the first to compare demographic rates, such as long-term survival, growth, condition and reproductive potential of scallops between the native eelgrass, Zostera marina, and the introduced alga, Codium fragile. Although long-term survival was not different between habitats, results suggest site-specific and inter-annual variation in the impacts of Codium on scallop growth. While demographic rates did not differ in Shinnecock Bay, in Sag Harbor, growth and/or condition were significantly different between both vegetated habitats depending on the year. However, recruit density, size and condition did not vary significantly, adding to the complexity of this relationship. Despite potential site-specific and inter-annual differences, this study supports the hypothesis that habitats other than eelgrass can benefit bay scallops.     

Effects of seawater temperature and pH on the boring rates of the sponge Cliona celata in scallop shells

Warmer, more acidic water resulting from greenhouse gas emissions could influence ecosystem processes like bioerosion of calcifying organisms. Based on summer-maxima values (temperature = 26 °C; pH = 8.1) at a collection site in New York (40°56″ N, 72°30″ W), explants of the boring sponge Cliona celata Grant, 1826 were grown for 133 days on scallop shells in seawater ranging from current values to one scenario predicted for the year 2100 (T = 31 °C; pH = 7.8). High water temperature had little effect on sponge growth, survival, or boring rates. Lower pH slightly reduced sponge survival, while greatly influencing shell boring. At pH = 7.8, sponges bored twice the number of papillar holes and removed two times more shell weight than at pH = 8.1. Greater erosion resulted in weaker scallop shells. This study suggests that lower seawater pH may increase boring rates of C. celata in shellfish, with potentially severe implications for wild and farmed shellfish populations.     

北京4种阔叶绿篱球的减噪效应及其影响因子

运用AWA6288型多功能声级及TmeRTA音频分析软件等仪器对北京4种常见阔叶绿篱球的减噪功能进行了测定,并对其结构特征进行了定量化统计,以探寻与植物减噪密切相关的影响因子。结果表明：小叶黄杨球（Buxus microphylla）平均相对A声级减噪能力最强,为1．76dB／m;紫叶小檗球（Berberis thunbergii cv．atropurpurea）相对最差,为1．05dB／m。紫叶小檗球与大叶黄杨球（Euonymus japonicus）、小叶黄杨球、金叶女贞球（Ligustrum vicaryi）在平均相对A声级减噪能力、减噪率方面均存在冠著差异。影响单株植物减噪排名前5的相关结构因子分别是树冠体积（0．804）、冠高（0．781）、绿篱高度（0．733）、叶质地（0．690）、平均冠宽（0．679）;叶大小、冠层、叶质地和倾斜状态、叶密度、枝密度5个主因子的累积方差贡献率已达85．233％,在绿化减噪应用中要重点考虑这5个因子。大叶黄杨球平均相对A声级减噪能力随植株大小变化没有显著变化,与树体各结构因子不相关,这可能与研究的样本量较少或者树体结构特征差异不明显有关;影响不同种类植物减噪的相关因子不尽相同。     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

Stigma in science: the case of earthquake prediction

This paper explores how earthquake scientists conceptualise earthquake prediction, particularly given the conviction of six earthquake scientists for manslaughter (subsequently overturned) on 22 October 2012 for having given inappropriate advice to the public prior to the L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009. In the first study of its kind, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 earthquake scientists and the transcribed interviews were analysed thematically. The scientists primarily denigrated earthquake prediction, showing strong emotive responses and distancing themselves from earthquake ‘prediction’ in favour of ‘forecasting’. Earthquake prediction was regarded as impossible and harmful. The stigmatisation of the subject is discussed in the light of research on boundary work and stigma in science. The evaluation reveals how mitigation becomes the more favoured endeavour, creating a normative environment that disadvantages those who continue to pursue earthquake prediction research. Recommendations are made for communication with the public on earthquake risk, with a focus on how scientists portray uncertainty.     

Enhanced dichloroethene biodegradation in fractured rock under biostimulated and bioaugmented conditions

Significant microbial reductive dechlorination of [1,2 ¹⁴C] cis‐dichloroethene (DCE) was observed in anoxic microcosms prepared with unamended, fractured rock aquifer materials, which were colonized in situ at multiple depths in two boreholes at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in West Trenton, New Jersey. The lack of significant reductive dechlorination in corresponding water‐only treatments indicated that chlororespiration activity in unamended, fractured rock treatments was primarily associated with colonized core material. In these unamended fractured rock microcosms, activity was highest in the shallow zones and generally decreased with increasing depth. Electron‐donor amendment (biostimulation) enhanced chlororespiration in some but not all treatments. In contrast, combining electron‐donor amendment with KB1 amendment (bioaugmentation) enhanced chlororespiration in all treatments and substantially reduced the variability in chlororespiration activity both within and between treatments. These results indicate (1) that a potential for chlororespiration‐based bioremediation exists at NAWC Trenton but is limited under nonengineered conditions, (2) that the limitation on chlororespiration activity is not entirely due to electron‐donor availability, and (3) that a bioaugmentation approach can substantially enhance in situ bioremediation if the requisite amendments can be adequately distributed throughout the fractured rock matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*     

Forest products and traditional peoples: Economic, biological, and cultural considerations

Conservationists and environmental economists have promoted the extraction of non–timber forest products (NTFP) as an alternative to forest conversion and as a means to benefit forest peoples. This article discusses the development of NTFP economic analyses and some economic, biological and socio–cultural constraints on the use of forest resources and methodological limitations of NTFP investigations. Several case studies document the importance of the forest in both North and South America. While studies differ in their conclusions regarding the sustainability of NTFP extraction, most researchers agree that sustainable harvesting is rare. The article argues for additional considerations that transcend the biological and economic concerns. While forests provide the basis of material culture for peoples that inhabit them, they are also linked intrinsically to the religion, mythology, and psyche of native peoples. Conservationists have an ethical obligation to consider the needs and desires of these people in conjunction with conservation and management plans.