包埋固定化微生物厌氧反应器启动特性研究

为克服难降解废水厌氧微生物反应器启动初期生物易流失和启动过程缓慢的缺点,将厌氧絮状污泥进行固定化包埋作为厌氧反应器的接种污泥处理有毒难降解的PTA废水,同时考察固定化细菌在厌氧反应器启动过程中的变化特性.结果表明,经过136 d的运行,反应器在COD有机负荷为3 kg.(m3.d)-1,水力停留时间为3~4 d的运行条件下,PTA废水的COD去除率可以达到75%~85%,且系统具有比较好的稳定性和生物量保持能力.另一方面,胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化、产甲烷菌DNA特异性扩增和包埋颗粒的扫描电镜观察结果表明,虽然包埋载体在一定程度上限制了传质速度,但包埋颗粒中的厌氧微生物在微生物相和数量上都仍有显著的变化和增长.     

耕地复种指数研究的国内外进展

耕地是维系粮食安全的重要资源,复种指数是耕地的一个重要属性。论文从复种指数提取方法、复种指数应用以及复种指数潜力三个方面,对国内外在复种指数领域的研究进展及其特点进行了总结归纳,发现遥感技术在复种指数的提取中发挥着重要的作用,复种指数的应用呈现了多元化的趋势,而复种指数潜力也存在着由定性向定量化发展的趋势。未来,复种指数提取方法的改进、复种指数的动态机制以及影响复种指数提高的原因分析等将成为重要的研究内容。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的缺陷与改进探讨

生态足迹从生物生产力的角度定量测度人类消费活动对生态环境的综合性影响,是目前应用范围最广、关注程度最高的可持续发展评价方法,具有简明易懂、便于操作、易与其他指标结合等优点。论文在总结国内外主要研究成果与进展的基础上,针对现有评价结果较为悲观、难以真实反映人类消费对生态环境影响等问题,系统归纳和分析了生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的5项缺陷:①参数选取面临两难;②度量标准存在矛盾;③互斥假设有违事实;④研究内容涵盖不全;⑤评价结果部分失真。据此提出了有针对性的改进建议,并认为前三项缺陷必须尽快修正,后两项缺陷需要逐步克服。还应通过学科交叉引入更多经济社会指标进行综合判断,以促进区域可持续发展评价这一系统性工程的不断完善。     

乌昌地区资源型产业的集聚特征及其城市化效应研究

以能矿资源为基础原料的资源型产业是工业发展的重要动力,对于资源型产业正处于兴盛期的城市发展更是具有明显的推动作用。论文将资源型产业作为单个影响因素,采用产业结构变动值、产业结构变动系数、产业结构熵数和区位熵等方法,选择典型干旱区城镇发展区域乌昌地区,对该区域资源型产业的时空演化和集聚特征及其对绿洲城镇发展的作用采用定性和定量相结合的方法进行深入分析。结果表明:资源型产业对乌昌地区产业集聚的地域、类型、工业内部结构以及城市的扩展方式和空间结构产生了重要影响;受绿洲城镇分散性的影响,资源型产业对乌昌地区空间结构的影响表现为轴向扩展和圈层扩展并进;资源型产业选择就近城市转移,对于较远的县市集聚大于扩散,中心城镇的辐射带动作用较弱。     

填埋场直流电阻电路模型及分析

为研究垃圾填埋场的导电特性,建立了一种填埋场直流电阻电路模型,并对回路中的各部分电阻进行了分析.结果表明:随着供电电极直径和入土深度的增加,回路电阻减小,而随着供电电极与漏洞之间距离的增大,回路电阻缓慢增加;漏洞电阻由接触电阻和内阻组成,前者远大于后者,对一个半径为1cm的圆形漏洞来说,接触电阻可达1500Ω,而内阻只占到接触电阻的1/10;在供电电极周围浇水可明显降低回路电阻,在场内电极直径为20mm,入土深度为0.4m,电极与漏洞之间距离为20m时,浇水后的回路电阻可减小26.6%.     

气体扩散电极体系电化学消毒

以自制活性炭/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系发生H2O2进行电化学消毒的系统研究,主要探讨了膜电极中PTFE质量分数W(PTFE)和造孔剂含量m(NH4HCO3),外部操作条件pH值和氧气流速Q(O2)对杀菌效果的影响.结果表明,W(PTFE)为0.5时,H2O2的产量最高.适量造孔剂的添加有效地提高了杀菌效率,与酸性条件相比,效果在中性条件下更为突出.BET比表面积分析结果表明,随着造孔剂含量的增加,膜电极表面的平均孔径先大幅度减小,后缓慢增加,这有助于电极上的气体传质效果.吸附在杀菌过程中起的作用不大.杀菌效率随着pH值的下降迅速提高,该体系pH值适用范围较广:当原水细菌总数为106CFU.mL-1,pH为3～10,以载铂量W(Pt)为3‰的气体扩散电极作为阴极进行电解,30 min后杀菌效率均能达到80%以上.在一定范围内增加氧气流速Q(O2)对H2O2的产生及杀菌效率的提高无太大影响.一方面,高的氧气流速增大了水的电阻,增加了杀菌能耗,提高气体扩散电极体系杀菌的运行成本;另一方面,高的氧气流速在一定程度上适当缩短了处理时间,降低了设备投资.机制研究表明,开始时阳极的直接氧化与自由基的产生起了重要作用;随着反应时间的延长,阴极H2O2间接杀菌的作用迅速增强;电解30 min后阴极室和阳极室的杀菌效率基本相当,此时两者的作用接近.     

夏季高湿度条件下北京市气溶胶颗粒物粒谱特征研究

2007年8月,利用粒谱分析仪(APS)、振荡天平颗粒物分析仪(TEOM)和碳黑分析仪(BC)观测北京市大气气溶胶可吸入颗粒物(PM10),研究高湿度气象条件对气溶胶颗粒物吸湿长大的影响.结果表明,PM10质量浓度与碳黑质量浓度在静稳天气状况下相关系数达0.82,而对于颗粒物数浓度与PM10质量浓度,静稳与非静稳天气状况下两者的相关性并不一致,颗粒物数浓度及1μm的细粒子在粒谱分布中所占的比重显著增加.气溶胶颗粒物粒谱变化结果说明,在高湿度条件下颗粒物粒径明显吸湿增长.