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Natalia Naranjo-Guevara Maria Fernanda G. V. Peñaflor Milton F. Cabezas-Guerrero José Maurício S. Bento 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2017,104(9-10):77
Numerous studies have demonstrated that entomophagous arthropods use herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) blends to search for their prey or host. However, no study has yet focused on the response of nocturnal predators to volatile blends emitted by prey damaged plants. We investigated the olfactory behavioral responses of the night-active generalist predatory earwig Doru luteipes Scudder (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) to diurnal and nocturnal volatile blends emitted by maize plants (Zea mays) attacked by either a stem borer (Diatraea saccharalis) or a leaf-chewing caterpillar (Spodoptera frugiperda), both suitable lepidopteran prey. Additionally, we examined whether the earwig preferred odors emitted from short- or long-term damaged maize. We first determined the earwig diel foraging rhythm and confirmed that D. luteipes is a nocturnal predator. Olfactometer assays showed that during the day, although the earwigs were walking actively, they did not discriminate the volatiles of undamaged maize plants from those of herbivore damaged maize plants. In contrast, at night, earwigs preferred volatiles emitted by maize plants attacked by D. saccharalis or S. frugiperda over undamaged plants and short- over long-term damaged maize. Our GC-MS analysis revealed that short-term damaged nocturnal plant volatile blends were comprised mainly of fatty acid derivatives (i.e., green leaf volatiles), while the long-term damaged plant volatile blend contained mostly terpenoids. We also observed distinct volatile blend composition emitted by maize damaged by the different caterpillars. Our results showed that D. luteipes innately uses nocturnal herbivore-induced plant volatiles to search for prey. Moreover, the attraction of the earwig to short-term damaged plants is likely mediated by fatty acid derivatives. 相似文献
84.
This article discusses the current framework of coastal decision making which tends to exclude participation by individuals and those without a strong institutional representation. A distinction is drawn between institutional and local stakeholders to illustrate weaknesses in the existing decision framework. It is argued that particularly in the coastal environment, the relationship between changes in physical form and changes in social welfare is critical to understanding how decision making may engage more fully with local stakeholders and ultimately improve decision outcomes. A reordering of stakeholder engagement in decision systems at the coast is proposed and a framework is outlined which enhances the capacity of local stakeholders to influence decision making. 相似文献
85.
Derek Lovejoy 《Natural resources forum》1996,20(1):73-77
The idea of limits to growth has, understandably, achieved notoriety since the days of Malthus and, more recently, the Club of Rome. However, there must be some limits to the ability of the earth to sustain a growing population. Fortunately, population models suggest that the world's population will probably level out at about two to three times the present numbers over the next hundred years. The question is whether the earth's resources are sufficient to sustain that population at a high standard of living for all. In this the key issue is energy. It is clear that present trends in energy consumption, especially oil, cannot be sustained much longer. Regardless of this, however, prudence demands a drastic reduction in fossil fuel consumption, in view of the possibility of global warming. It can be shown that, combined with greatly improved energy efficiency, a transition to a solar (renewable) energy based economy, capable of sustaining the anticipated growth in the world economy, is possible, but the constraints are extremely tight . 相似文献
86.
Robyn Kruk ;Derek Thompson ;Jiyuan Liu ;Xiangzheng Deng ;Peishen Wang 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(3):244-252
China has made some remarkable achievements in sustainable development,but the constant deterioration of the overall trend of the environment has not yet been effectively curbed.To achieve the goal of sustainable development,we must first ensure coordination and coherence of national development goals in different areas and adhere to green development road.To achieve the objectives related to green development,and to clarify the direction of green development in the next 20years,a road map is needed to guide and coordinate the process.This paper describes the concept of the green development road map,introduces a green development road map for the western region,and further elaborates it The road map clarifies the objectives and guiding principles of green development in the western region,points the areas that deserve more concern and institutional innovation,and builds a green development monitoring and evaluation(M&E)framework.Finally,the paper provides corresponding policy recommendations based on the established road map. 相似文献
87.
Gillan Chi-Lun Huang Tim Gray Derek Bell 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2013,15(6):1555-1571
This paper is an investigation into Taiwan’s policy on nuclear waste disposal, concentrating on the ways in which dumping sites have been chosen, and on the wider implications of those choices. The central aim was to examine whether this policy breached the distributive and procedural principles of environmental justice by discriminating against disadvantaged areas and minority ethnic groups. The paper first clarifies the meaning of environmental justice and then applies it to the case study of Taiwan’s decision announced in 2009 that Da-Ren (達仁鄉) in Taitung County (台東縣) and Wang-An (望安鄉) in Penghu County (澎湖縣) were its two favoured potential sites for the final disposal repository of radioactive waste. The findings of the research suggest that the Taiwan government and the nuclear power provider, Taipower, failed to fulfil the requirements of environmental justice in reaching this decision. The contribution of this case study to the literature on the environmental injustice of nuclear waste siting policies is fourfold. First, it adds to the growing number of studies that show how siting decisions systematically and deliberately disadvantage vulnerable communities. Second, it finds the basis of this discriminatory policy to lie in the wider pattern of inequality that exists in Taiwanese society—a pattern that is rooted in historical traditions of racial and tribal prejudice, reinforced by contemporary forms of corruption. Third, it suggests that a solution to the problem of environmental injustice in nuclear waste siting policy may have to wait until these broader practices of unequal treatment in Taiwan are addressed. Fourth, it speculates that the need for a solution to the nuclear waste problem may be a catalyst for dealing with these broader patterns of unequal treatment. 相似文献
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Dune slack habitats are highly dependent on the availability of water to support flora and fauna. Typically this is provided
by shallow groundwater. This paper describes the seasonal and long term variation in groundwater levels in part of the Sefton
coastline between 1972 and 2007. The effects of climate change, vegetation management and coastline realignment on groundwater
levels are modelled. The observed annual water table levels rise and fall with an amplitude of 1.5 m, but longer term variations
and trends are apparent. A stochastic water balance model was used to describe the changes in water table levels in slack
floors in the open dunes and also in areas afforested with pine trees. It was found that the pine trees evaporated 214 mm/year
more than open dunes vegetation, resulting in the water table being 0.5–1.0 m lower under the trees than under the open dunes.
The effects of climate change on the ground water was simulated using predictions of future climate conditions based on the
UKCIP02 medium high emissions scenario. The increase in temperature and change in rainfall patterns will result in a decrease
in mean ground water levels by 1.0–1.5 mm in the next 90 years. Typical patterns consist of sequences of 5–10 years of low
water table levels interspersed by infrequent sequences consisting of 2–5 years of relatively high or “normal” levels. These
results indicate that that flora and fauna that cannot survive a 5–10 year period of water table levels >2.5 m below ground
level are unlikely to survive or persist in many slack areas and a change in the ecology of these slack may become inevitable.
Other effects of climate change include sea level rise which will result in a gradual rise in water table levels. Coastal
erosion will increase the water table gradient to the sea and result in a slight lowering of the ground water levels. Conversely
coastal accretion will reverse this process. The spatial distribution of coastal erosion and accretion along the Sefton coastline
and its likely impacts on groundwater levels are discussed. The modelling work described in this paper has identified the
factors which have the largest effect on groundwater levels in temperate coastal dune systems. 相似文献
90.