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31.
32.
Plant and soil bio(chemical) indicators are increasingly used to provide information on N deposition inputs and effects in a wide range of ecosystem types. However, many factors, including climate and site management history, have the potential to influence bioindicator relationships with N due to nutrient export and changing vegetation nutrient demands. We surveyed 33 heathlands in England, along a gradient of background N deposition (7.2–24.5 kg ha−1 year−1), using Calluna vulgaris growth phase as a proxy for time since last management. Our survey confirmed soil nutrient accumulation with increasing time since management. Foliar N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in pioneer- and mature-phase vegetation significantly increased with N deposition. Significant interactions between climate and N deposition were also evident with, for example, higher foliar P concentrations in pioneer-phase vegetation at sites with higher temperatures and N deposition rates. Although oxidized N appeared more significant than reduced N, overall there were more, stronger relationships with total N deposition; suggesting efforts to control all emissions of N (i.e., both oxidized and reduced forms) will have ecological benefits.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0529-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献33.
34.
Mrs J. A. Bell J. Pearn G. Cohen J. Ford J. Halliday N. Martin M. Mulcahy S. Purvis-Smith G. Sutherland 《黑龙江环境通报》1985,5(1):53-58
This paper reports the results of a complete national survey to measure utilization rates of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis (P.C.D.) in women of advanced maternal age in Australia. P.C.D. has been available throughout Australia for the last decade. Every laboratory in Australia providing a P.C.D. service for the years 1979–1982 took part in this study. Utilization rates (both National and State rates) by ages of mothers, are presented. Big interstate differences exist. The 1982 National P.C.D. utilization rate for pregnant women who were 40 years of age and over was 38.8 per cent, and this rate has shown an average annual increase of 9 per cent. In those four States which offered P.C.D. to pregnant women of 35 years or over the median utilization rate was 20 per cent. These Australian rates indicate an under-utilization of P.C.D. services with (in 1982) 50–80 per cent of ‘at risk’ women not being tested. Factors which influence this are discussed. 相似文献
35.
36.
Vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence of climate change: a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James D. Ford 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(2):83-100
This paper develops a conceptual model to examine the vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence
of climate change. The model illustrates that food system vulnerability is determined by the exposure and sensitivity of the
food system to climate-related risks and its adaptive capacity to deal with those risks. The model is empirically applied
using a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut. Specifically, the paper focuses on how extreme climate-related conditions in 2006
interacted with the food system to affect food security, using 2006 as a lens to identify and characterize some of the processes
and conditions shaping vulnerability, and establishing a baseline for identifying and characterizing processes that are likely
to shape future vulnerability. There is a high level of adaptive capacity among Igloolik Inuit, with food sharing mechanisms,
hunting flexibility, and store-food access moderating the impact of climatic-risks on food security. However, high fuel and
commodity prices, the increasing economic burden of adapting to back-to-back years with unfavorable climatic conditions, underlying
community vulnerabilities, and the nature to the climate extremes in 2006, overwhelmed the adaptive capacity of many community
members. Those dependent on traditional foods and having limited access to financial resources were particularly vulnerable. 相似文献
37.
Perceptions of climate change risks in primary resource use industries: a survey of the Canadian mining sector 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
James D. Ford Tristan Pearce Jason Prno Frank Duerden Lea Berrang Ford Maude Beaumier Tanya Smith 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(1):65-81
A survey documenting how climate change is perceived, experienced, and responded to in the Canadian mining sector was administered
to industry practitioners at the Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada annual meeting. Nine key findings from the
survey are discussed: (1) The Canadian mining sector is sensitive to climate-related conditions. (2) Climate change is perceived
to be having a negative impact on mining operations. (3) Companies are taking action to manage the current impacts. (4) Cost
and uncertainty are commonly identified barriers to adapting to current climate change. (5) Future climate change is expected
to have impacts for the industry. (6) Climate change projections are perceived as threats by the majority of respondents.
(7) Despite the perceived threat, companies are not currently taking action to plan for future impacts. (8) Cost and uncertainty
are commonly identified barriers to adapting to future climate change impacts. (9) The mining sector is currently making efforts
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The survey is exploratory in nature, establishing a baseline for targeted research to
assess in greater detail the vulnerability of mining to climate change. 相似文献
38.
Li A Rockne KJ Sturchio N Song W Ford JC Wei H 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):141-147
A region-wide data analysis on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment of the Great Lakes reveals a total accumulation of approximately 300 ± 50 tonnes, representing a >30% reduction from the 1980s. Evidence of in situ degradation of sediment PCB was found, with estimated t1/2 of 11 and 17 years, at two open water locations in Lake Ontario. The relative abundance of heavy homologs as well as para-chlorines decreases with increasing depth, while the opposite is true for medium and light homologs and ortho-chlorines. In Lake Michigan, the vertical pattern features enrichment of heavier congeners and reduction of ortho-chlorines in deeper sediment layers, opposite to the trend in Lake Ontario. PCBs decrease log-linearly with increasing latitude and longitude. Air deposition of PCBs to lake sediment decreases at about 0.077 ng cm−2 yr−1 per degree latitude (N) for the geographic region extending from the Great Lakes to within the Arctic Circle. 相似文献
39.
Rebecca M. Ford Kathryn J. H. Williams Ian D. Bishop John E. Hickey 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1149-1162
The effects of viewing different types of information were investigated in people judging the social acceptability of alternative
forest harvest systems. Approximately 500 Tasmanians were shown still-simulated images of four harvest systems (a clearfell
system, two aggregated retention systems, and a selective system) and were asked to judge their acceptability. Individual
interviews were conducted with 12 of the participants. It was anticipated that people holding different beliefs about the
consequences of harvesting would have different responses to information. Cluster analysis was used to group participants
according to these beliefs. Responses to still images were compared with responses to two other types of information: information
about consequences of the harvest systems in the form of indicator symbols, and information about regeneration over time,
presented as visual animations. The effects of information differed across both harvest system and belief cluster groups of
participants. The largest effects of information occurred in people who held a mix of beliefs about consequences. Within this
group, participants who viewed the indicators rated a 30% aggregated retention system higher and selective harvesting lower,
than those who did not view the indicators. Viewing animated sequences led to slightly higher ratings of the more intensive
harvest systems and significantly lower ratings of the selective harvest system than those based on the still images. The
interview data provided examples of interviewees viewing information critically against their own values and beliefs. Only
some interviewees appeared to use it in judging social acceptability 相似文献
40.
Characterizing Small Subbasins: A Case Study from Coastal Oregon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A fine-grained statisticaly robust probability sample of stream segments is used to compare two small (20,000 hectare) subbasins of the Tillamook watershed, north coastal Oregon. The two subbasins are matched with respect to several variables [size coastal climates], but vary in terms of geology and consequently land use. A total of 67 wadeable + non-wadeable sizes were identified for sampling in the two subbasins (combined) over two field seasons from a sampling universe consisting of the River Reach File 3 (blue lines on 1:100,000 maps). Target variables include an extensive array of physical habitat endpoints, selected water chemistry endpoints, species composition, and relative abundance of both benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Field protocols generally followed those of the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).Eleven fish species were encountered, a typically low number for coastal Oregon streams. Exploratory analysis using nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that 92.4% of the variation in the fish assemblages could be explained with two ordination axes. Environmental factors related to stream size and substate were the most correlated to these axes. Further, stream segments for the two subbasins tended to map in different areas of species space. Therefore, we also give unweighted probability distributions for several of the factors that heavily on these two axes by subbasins, as well as probability distributions for chemical endpoints. Results from the subset of sites sampled during the first year (21 wadeable sites) reveal: 1) differences between samples from the two subbasins relates to dream size and substrate composition that are consistent with known differences in geology and land use, 2) unexpectedly minor differences between samples from the two subbasins for stream temperature, canopy cover, and dissolved oxygen, 3) differences between samples from the two subbasins for total P, and total N, possibly related to land use, and 4) unexpected differences in samples from the two subbasins for conductivity, probably related to geological factors. Sample size for each subbasin is low and therefore our samples cannot be taken to necessarily characterize either subbasin. However, our findings are consistent with a comprehensive assessment that had been previously produced for one of the two subbasins.All field work was completed in 8 weeks 3-person field crew. We conclude that rapid assessment protocols, based on probability samples at this level of resolution, can be a cost-effective approach to watershed analysis. This approach should be seen as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, systematic surveys that produced finer scale, reach specific information on factors such as channel complexity and cover relevant to in-stream restoration planning. 相似文献