三峡库区土壤重金属污染评价及其来源

三峡库区由于特殊的地理位置及生态脆弱性,其重金属污染状况备受关注。以三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,利用多目标调查数据,在分析土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg、Pb和Zn等8种重金属积累特征的基础上,运用多元统计分析、污染指数法、潜在生态风险评估法以及层次分析法与加权平均评价模型法等方法进行了重金属来源分析和污染评价。研究结果表明: 三峡库区重庆段表层土壤中8种重金属的平均含量顺序为：Cr（8145 mg·kg-1）>Zn（716 mg·kg-1）>Ni（3154 mg·kg-1）>Pb（2527 mg·kg-1）>Cu（2353 mg·kg-1）>As（739 mg·kg-1）>Cd（021 mg·kg-1）>Hg（006 mg·kg-1）;多元统计分析表明Cd和Cr含量主要受到人为活动的影响,Ni、Zn和Cu含量则主要受到区域地质背景的影响,Hg、Pb和As则受到两者的共同影响。各综合评价方法结果趋于一致,均表明大部分样品（>849%）的重金属污染水平属于清洁或轻度污染水平,只有少数样品（<151%）达到中度或重度污染水平,这些样品主要采集于巫山、涪陵、忠县境内。综合分析,认为忠县和涪陵境内土壤出现中度或重度重金属污染主要受其工业生产的影响,巫山境内则主要受到其成土母质的影响。研究结果可为三峡库区土地可持续利用和生态发展提供基础数据与理论依据     

PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> emissions from industrial coal-fired chain-grate boilers

Industrial coal-fired boiler is an important air pollutant emission source in China. The chain-grate boiler is the most extensively used type of industrial coal-fired boiler. An electrical low-pressure impactor, and a Dekati® Low Pressure Impactor were applied to determine mass and number size distributions of PM₁₀ at the inlet and the outlet of the particulate emission control devices at six coalfired chain-grate boilers. The mass size distribution of PM₁₀ generated from coal-fired chain-grate boilers generally displays a bimodal distribution that contains a submicron mode and a coarse mode. The PM in the submicron mode for burning with raw coal contributes to 33% ± 10 % of PM₁₀ emissions, much higher than those for pulverized boilers. And the PM in the submicron mode for burning with briquette contributes up to 86 % of PM₁₀ emissions. Multiclones and scrubbers are not efficient for controlling PM10 emission. Their average collection efficiencies for sub-micron particle and super-micron particle are 34% and 78%, respectively. Operating conditions of industrial steam boilers have influence on PM generation. Peak of the submicron mode during normal operation period is larger than the start-up period.

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Physiological and molecular responses of the earthworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis> to polychlorinated biphenyl contamination in soil

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of man-made organic compounds ubiquitously present in the biosphere. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of different concentrations of PCBs in two natural soils (i.e. red soil and fluvo-aquic soil) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The parameters investigated included anti-oxidative response, genotoxic potential, weight variation and biochemical responses of the earthworm exposed to two different types of soils spiked with PCBs after 7 or 14 days of exposure. Earthworms had significantly lower weights in both soils after PCB exposure. PCBs significantly increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity in earthworms exposed to either soil type for 7 or 14 days and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in earthworms exposed to red soil for 14 days. Of the enzymes examined, SOD activity was the most sensitive to PCB stress. In addition, PCB exposure triggered dose-dependent coelomocyte DNA damage, even at the lowest concentration tested. This response was relatively stable between different soils. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the weight variation, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, and MDA contents were significantly correlated with exposure concentration or exposure duration (P < 0.01). Furthermore, weight variation, CAT activity, and SOD activity were significantly affected by soil type (P < 0.01). Therefore, the soil type and exposure time influence the toxic effects of PCBs, and these factors should be considered when selecting responsive biomarkers.     

石化企业浮顶罐大呼吸损耗核算方法分析

石化企业储罐无组织排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)带来严重的环境问题和油品损耗问题,以浮顶罐的大呼吸损耗为代表。在概述浮顶罐大呼吸损耗机理的基础上,以北京某石化企业的甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例,对国内外4种核算公式进行了对比分析,考察了影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的因素,并提出有效的减耗措施。结果表明:采用我国推荐的公式进行核算更符合我国实际,需建立和完善以我国有机液体理化参数和储罐构造为基准的核算方法和软件;影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的主要因素包括油品性质、周转量、罐体直径、罐壁黏附系数等,其中罐壁黏附系数为关键影响因素。     

Habitat use by giant panda in relation to man-made forest in Wanglang Nature Reserve of China

To evaluate the effectiveness of human restoration in species conservation, in this study, we undertook a field survey of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat and man-made forest habitat in Wanglang Nature Reserve of China. Our results revealed that giant panda did not use the man-made forest in this area so far, and that there were significant differences between the giant panda habitat and the man-made forest habitat. Compared with giant panda habitat, the man-made forest habitat was characterized by lower shrub coverage, thinner trees and lower bamboo density. To improve the effectiveness of human restoration, the habitat requirement of giant panda should be fully consider in the whole process of habitat restoration.     

气候变化和人类活动对天津海岸带影响综述

21世纪全球海平面上升和区域地面沉降叠加所致的相对海平面上升速率存在加快趋势,将加剧天津沿海地区风暴潮、洪涝灾害和土地淹没的危害,影响沿海地区的城市抗灾功能、建筑物安全及生态资源。为此,本文综合讨论了气候变化导致的海平面上升和地面沉降对天津沿海风暴潮、海岸侵蚀以及港口码头的影响。建议滨海新区建设要高度重视海洋灾害的监测预警,提高沿海地区防潮和防汛工程的设计标准和城市抗灾能力,以有效实现滨海新区经济和社会可持续发展。     

云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景分析

利用云南124个气象站逐日最低气温和天气现象(霜)资料,计算最低气温低于-5℃的站点数占全省总站数的比例,定义站点比例超出25%的霜冻事件为云南极端霜冻气候事件。分析了云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景。结果表明,云南极端霜冻事件发生前气温偏低,云量偏多;霜冻发生时夜间晴朗,辐射散热强烈,气温再度下降。这种霜冻属于混合霜冻或称为平流辐射霜冻。极端霜冻气候事件发生的主要原因之一是高空冷平流与底层冷高压控制下夜间晴空辐射冷却降温。发生时空气湿度较发生前小,空气相对干燥。     

热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性及厌氧消化性能的影响

分别对脱水污泥在100、130和170℃条件下进行热处理,研究热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性的影响。此外,在半连续式完全混合反应器中进行厌氧消化实验研究不同热处理污泥的厌氧消化性能。实验结果表明,在100、130和170℃条件下,污泥COD溶解率由处理前的5.23%分别提高至20.08%、22.50%和27.20%,脱水污泥热处理规律和效果与高含水率污泥(总固体含量<5%)基本一致。经130℃2 h和170℃30 min高温热处理后污泥甲烷产率显著提高,较原泥分别提高24.64%和38.61%,沼气中甲烷含量稍有降低。     

Mn/GO复合催化剂催化氧化NO

针对尾气中NO浓度高且传统方法脱除NO代价高的问题,研究了锰固载氧化石墨诱导单过硫酸氢钾(PMS)催化氧化并吸收NO方法。通过浸渍法在氧化石墨上负载了Mn3O4制得Mn/GO催化剂,以此为催化剂催化PMS氧化NO。研究了p H、PMS投加量、催化剂投加量以及温度等因素对NO氧化率的影响。结果表明,该系列Mn/GO催化剂可以有效地诱导PMS氧化NO,热处理时间为7 h时催化效果最佳。同时,对Mn/GO(7 h)的FT-IR、XRD、SEM、EDS以及XPS表征可知,Mn3O4是主要的锰氧化物,并成功负载在GO表面。     

石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异

分别介绍了旧标准GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》、GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》和新标准GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的核心内容。从适用范围、排放限值和污染控制因子3个方面分析了石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异。