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81.
Maarit Pahkala § Katja Räsänen Anssi Laurila Ulf Johanson ‡ Lars Olof Björn ‡ Juha Merilä† 《Conservation biology》2002,16(4):1063-1073
82.
Tatyana Karpova Sergei Preis Juha Kallas Adélia Luciana Barros Torres 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2007,5(4):219-224
The potential of the photocatalytic oxidation to selectively oxidise steroid estrogens, β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol,
in the presence of saccharose and ethanol as co-pollutants was clearly demonstrated. The alkaline media conditions remained
the most beneficial for the PCO regardless the presence of co-pollutants under consideration. Saccharose appeared to be the
more powerful competitor than ethanol. The influence of the co-pollutants is explained by their competition for the adsorption
sites and also scavenging of the OH-radicals. 相似文献
83.
It has been claimed that Tonle Sap Lake is rapidly filling with sediment as a result of increasing sediment yields from the catchment. Infilling of the lake basin would have serious implications for the magnitude of flooding in central Cambodia and the Mekong Delta region and threaten the lake's unique ecosystem. In this article, we synthesize the results of radiocarbon dating of sediment cores and hydrodynamic modeling results to provide an empirically based assessment of this issue. We find that current sedimentation rates within the lake basin proper are low and have been for several millennia. However, sedimentation at the lake margin and in its floodplain is relatively high, which presents a range of issues for riparian communities. 相似文献
84.
Sivak M Luoma J Flannagan MJ Bingham CR Eby DW Shope JT 《Journal of Safety Research》2007,38(3):337-355
INTRODUCTION: This article examines five major road-safety risk factors: exceeding posted speed limits, not using safety belts, driving while intoxicated, nighttime driving, and young drivers. METHOD: The importance of each of these factors is documented, known effective countermeasures (both policy and technology based) are discussed, and impediments to the implementation of these countermeasures in the United States are examined. RESULTS: Based on current understanding of the five major risk factors, and of the available countermeasures, there appear to be a variety of opportunities to make substantial gains in road safety using existing knowledge. The limited implementation of a variety of known countermeasures therefore appears to be inconsistent with high-level, strategic goals to improve road safety. Consequently, a recommendation is made to comprehensively re-examine the balance between the countermeasures discussed in this article and economic, mobility, and privacy concerns. IMPACT ON PUBLIC SAFETY: Such a re-examination is likely to result in broad support for these countermeasures, with a consequent major improvement in road safety. 相似文献
85.
Characteristics and availability of fatal road-crash databases in 20 countries worldwide 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
INTRODUCTION: This study examined the characteristics and availability of fatal road-crash databases worldwide. METHOD: The study involved two parts. First, the major international road databases were briefly reviewed. Second, the national databases in 20 selected countries were examined. RESULTS: (a) the available international databases of fatal road crashes typically include aggregated data; (b) there is a national database of fatal road crashes in each country examined; (c) all countries provide aggregated crash data, but there are substantial restrictions on the availability of disaggregated data; and (d) overall, the crash data at the accident level are relatively similar, but there are substantial differences in the information at the person level. CONCLUSION: The results imply that international road safety research would greatly benefit from expanded availability of disaggregated fatal crash data worldwide. 相似文献
86.
López Bellido J Peltomaa E Ojala A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(6):1649-1659
Up to now, carbon gas fluxes from urban lakes in the boreal zone have seldom been studied. In summer 2005 we investigated fluxes from an urban boreal lake basin in southern Finland with long history of eutrophication and anoxia. Hypolimnetic CO2 and CH4 concentrations were high compared to other boreal lakes. During the open-water period, the lake basin acted as a source of CO2 and CH4 with fluxes of 2.10 mol m−2 and 0.04 mol m−2, respectively. Despite the high oxidation rate (83%), CH4 flux was higher than in other lakes and CH4 contributed 60% to Global Warming Potential. The ratio of carbon emission to accumulation was 4, i.e. emissions were an important route for carbon departure but less so than in rural lakes. Since the lake oxygen conditions affected nutrient availability, there was a positive feedback from hypolimnion to carbon uptake, which was reflected in gas concentrations. 相似文献
87.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - 相似文献
88.
Valto P Knuutinen J Alén R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):287-294
Background, aim, and scope In papermaking, there is a continuous interest both to minimize fresh water consumption and to reduce discharges into the
environment. These general trends mean an increase in the amounts of detrimental substances, such as resin and fatty acids,
in papermaking process waters. Resin acids, in particular, are responsible for much of the toxicity typically present in paper
mill effluents and, for this reason, the routine and rapid monitoring of these compounds in various process streams is necessary.
This also means that there is a continuous need to develop straightforward offline and online techniques to clarify problems
occurring, for example, as a result of the introduction of more intensively closed systems of water circulation. In the present
study, we describe the use of a novel, online, sample enrichment technique followed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass
spectrometry (APCI-MS) suitable for monitoring the concentration levels of common resin and fatty acids in papermaking process
waters.
Materials and methods The representative process water samples were taken from the grinding zone of a thermomechanical pulping mill. The samples
were first preconcentrated in a precolumn C18, and the analytes were transferred online to MS. The high intensive [M–H]− ion was used for the identification of each analyte since, according to the present ionization method, no other fragmentation
was observed. Laboratory-scale, online measurements with an online sample feed were carried out by connecting a centrifugal
pump and a ceramic filter to the APCI-MS.
Results Quality parameters, such as repeatability, linearity, and limit of detection (LOD), were determined by using dehydroabietic
acid (DHAA) in order to evaluate the suitability of the method for the rapid screening of concentration levels. This method
provided satisfactory linearity and a good correlation between analyte concentration and peak area. The suitability of the
system for the continuous analysis of the same acids was evaluated in laboratory-scale, online experiments. In all cases,
the response to changes in the analyte concentration was linear, and the repeatability of the system was also satisfactory.
Discussion Only a few studies have been published on the analysis of resin and fatty acids with MS techniques. The present method was
applied to the monitoring of dehydroabietic, oleic, and stearic acids. The quality parameters were highly comparable with
those reported earlier, and the LOD values of the DHAA were below the levels usually encountered in process waters. The quality
parameters were only slightly higher than those obtained by the traditional methods of analysis, probably due to the absence
of an effective sample clean-up before analysis.
Conclusions The results of the laboratory-scale, online experiments indicated that the online enrichment APCI-MS system is a suitable
alternative for monitoring the concentration levels of selected resin and fatty acids in papermaking process waters. The method
can be used, for example, to provide useful information about the concentration levels of these acids in different stages
of the process, thus signaling possibly impending problems. In general, faster and simpler measurements are needed to meet
the requirements for a reduction in fresh water usage in papermaking.
Recommendations and perspectives Compared to the conventional methods used for this purpose, the main benefits of the method are rapidity of measurement, simplicity
of use, and absence of the need for multistage sample treatments (short analysis time). For this reason, this online method
is more suitable for the control of papermaking by analyzing the concentration levels of interfering substances (i.e., selected
resin and fatty acids) than an offline analysis detailing all the individual extractives-based compounds in process streams.
It is also obvious that the technique can easily be modified for other environmental pollutants as well. 相似文献
89.
Kiljunen M Vanhatalo M Mäntyniemi S Peltonen H Kuikka S Kiviranta H Parmanne R Tuomisto JT Vuorinen PJ Hallikainen A Verta M Pönni J Jones RI Karjalainen J 《Ambio》2007,36(2-3):257-264
This study examines the extent to which Finnish human dietary intake of organochlorines (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) originating from Northern Baltic herring can be influenced by fisheries management. This was investigated by estimation of human intake using versatile modeling tools (e.g., a herring population model and a bioenergetics model). We used a probabilistic approach to account for the variation in human intake of organochlorines originating from the variation among herring individuals. Our estimates were compared with present precautionary limits and recommendation for use. The results show that present consumption levels and frequencies of herring give a high probability of exceeding recommended intake limits of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Furthermore, our results clearly demonstrate that in the risk management of dioxinlike organochlorines, regulating fishing (in this case increasing fishing pressure) is a far less effective way to decrease the risk than regulating the consumption of herring. Increased fishing would only slightly decrease organochlorine concentrations of herring in the Finnish fish market. 相似文献
90.
/ Three large rivers in northern Finland, the Kemijoki, Iijoki, and Oulujoki rivers, were dammed for hydropower generation in the 1940s-1960s. Due to differences in environmental conditions, these impoundments require detailed study to produce guidelines for fisheries management.Water quality, hydrology, vegetation, and geomorphology data of 16 impoundments were gathered. Shoreline land-use data were derived from maps, and fish assemblage data were collected by exploratory fishing and from the annual fishery statistics. The relations among environmental variables were studied, and a classification of the impoundments was developed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Consequently, three impoundment groups with different environmental characteristics were formed. Significant differences among impoundment groups were also detected in fish yield. We conclude that the variation in environmental conditions, together with differences in fish communities in the impoundments were important enough to justify the claim that impoundments of different types require different management strategies. KEY WORDS: Impoundments; River regulation; Fish assemblage; Water quality; Aquatic vegetation; Finland 相似文献