中国有机食品的生产和认证

中国的有机食品开发和认证工作起步于上个世纪末。经过近十年的发展，有机食品的开发行为已基本得到了社会各界的认可，更多的基地、企业、高校、科研单位以及政府部门都参与到这一新兴产业中，有机食品产业蓄势待发。目前，如何正确分析和处理有机食品开发过程中的一些问题以引导和促进该项事业的健康发展，已显得尤为重要。本文在总结近年来工作的基础上，提出了中国有机食品开发工作中存在的一些不足之处，希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用，使更多的人参与到有机食品认证管理的讨论之中。     

Effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling agent, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida (Müller)

The effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling candidate, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida were studied. The burrowing behaviour, sediment reworking activity and faeces production were assessed after 24 h exposure of A. nitida to sublethal concentrations of medetomidine. Medetomidine caused a significant decrease in the burrowing response and in the sediment reworking activity. The median effective concentrations (EC50) were 430 nM (86 microg/l) and 4.4 nM (0.9 microg/l), respectively. No effects on the faeces production were detected. Although significant effects of medetomidine on A. nitida were registered, a reversibility of the effects was observed when 24 h-exposed animals were incubated in clean seawater and sediment for 24 h. Considerations relating to the future commercialisation of medetomidine for antifouling purposes are discussed.     

回收法氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫机理和工艺基础研究

以氧化镁浆液作为吸收液,对空气与SO₂混合气的鼓泡吸收做了全过程的实验观察.测试分析表明,在高效而稳定的脱硫过程中,吸收液的酸化是由HSO₃^-所致;酸化趋势与SO₂水解规律相一致,由初期高pH值下SO₃^2-为主的缓变到低pH值下HSO₃^-为主的剧变;吸收液温度对脱硫率的影响不敏感;MgSO₃相对高的溶解度和易氧化性及MgSO₄良好的水溶性保持了MgO脱硫的高效率(>98%)和高利用率.燃煤烟气脱硫工业试验确认了MgSO₄经吸收液循环可提浓至实验温度(40～50℃)下的饱和浓度而不产生有害影响,脱硫率因脱硫活性物质的富集反而提高,从而显示出回收工艺的技术经济可行性.     

CTMAB改性蛭石对水体中对硝基苯酚的吸附研究

为提高蛭石的层间距和对有机物的吸附能力,采用阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)对蛭石进行改性,并研究了其对水中对硝基苯酚的去除效果.结果显示,改性蛭石对溶液中的对硝基苯酚吸附能力明显强于原蛭石;改性蛭石对溶液中的对硝基苯酚的吸附过程在30min左右就基本达到平衡;碱性条件有利于改性蛭石吸附去除对硝基苯酚....     

北京市大气PM2.5中矿物成分的污染特征

为了解北京市大气细粒子中矿物成分的浓度水平和污染特征,在清华园和车公庄进行了连续1a的PM_2.5累积周采样和全样品分析.Al、Si、Ca、Mg和Fe等地壳元素的周变化相似,最大周均浓度均出现在春季有强沙尘天气的一周;其季节变化显著,显示季节性的源排放以及气象条件对矿物成分的含量影响显著.土壤尘的季节平均浓度从夏季逐步上升,至次年春季达到最高(21.1 μg·m^-3),表明春季频繁发生的沙尘天气对土壤尘细粒子有重要贡献.大量的建筑活动可能大大增加了北京细粒子中Ca的负荷,应加强其排放控制.     

液体火箭共底破裂爆炸安全设防距离

针对航天发射场一旦发生低温推进剂泄漏而导致火箭爆炸,会对人员和财产造成重大损失的问题,采用TNT当量模型和TNO(The Netherlands Organization)多能模型计算不同摩尔百分比的氢氧推进剂混合反应时产生爆炸冲击波的危害性,并模拟爆炸冲击波造成的事故影响范围,然后对两种模型的仿真结果加以对比分析,根据最不利原则选取出最终需要的结果,最后划分出安全设防距离。由仿真结果可知,不同的氢氧混合摩尔百分比造成的爆炸后果不同,同时TNT当量模型在爆炸近场处高估了爆炸超压值,在爆炸远场处低估了爆炸超压值,而TNO多能模型在理论上有效地对这一缺陷进行了弥补。对航天发射场的安全布局起到了一定的参考价值。     

基于三角模糊理论的尾矿库风险评价研究

根据尾矿库的特点和我国现行的尾矿库安全生产监督管理法律法规及标准规范的要求,构建了尾矿库风险评价指标体系。综合考虑评价指标对风险发生可能性及后果严重程度的不同影响来确定指标权重,同时考虑到权重确定和指标赋值中的模糊性和不确定性等问题,选用三角模糊理论建立了尾矿库风险评价模型,并以本溪某尾矿库为例进行说明。理论分析和实例计算表明,该方法对尾矿库风险评价有很好的适用性。     

基于Monte-Carlo方法的长输管道气体扩散模拟研究

目前气体扩散模拟研究多采用流体力学的计算方法,分析气体扩散过程中的动力学特性.有限体积、有限元等方法都需要对事故区域整体进行网格划分,计算过程效率无法满足长输管道事故应急跨区域、多气象以及复杂地形的要求.Monte-Carlo方法利用RAMS预测的平均风场,模拟有限气体粒子在风场中的随机行走特性,有效地弥补了计算效率与网格精度冲突所导致的模拟性能下降的缺点.通过HAVEGE方法收集计算的硬件信息熵形成随机源,修正了以往伪随机数问题,增强了Monte-Carlo方法的计算精度.结果表明Monte-Carlo气体扩散模拟研究方法满足了长输管道事故灾害应急决策的需要.     

Recovery of Ni(II) from real electroplating wastewater using fixed-bed resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition

Resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition were used for nickel recovery. Treated wastewater can meet the Electroplating Pollutant Discharge Standard. The spent resin is completely regenerated by 3 BV of 4% HCl solution. 95.6% of nickel in concentrated eluent was recovered by electrodeposition. Effective recovery of high-value heavy metals from electroplating wastewater is of great significance, but recovering nickel ions from real electroplating wastewater as nickel sheet has not been reported. In this study, the pilot-scale fixed-bed resin adsorption was conducted to recover Ni(II) ions from real nickel plating wastewater, and then the concentrated Ni(II) ions in the regenerated solution were reduced to nickel sheet via electrodeposition. A commercial cation-exchange resin was selected and the optimal resin adsorption and regeneration conditions were investigated. The resin exhibited an adsorption capacity of 63 mg/g for Ni(II) ions, and the average amount of treated water was 84.6 bed volumes (BV) in the pilot-scale experiments. After the adsorption by two ion-exchange resin columns in series and one chelating resin column, the concentrations of Ni(II) in the treated wastewater were below 0.1 mg/L. After the regeneration of the spent resin using 3 BV of 4% (w/w) HCl solution, 1.5 BV of concentrated neutral nickel solution (>30 g/L) was obtained and used in the subsequent electrodeposition process. Using the aeration method, alkali and water required in resin activation process were greatly reduced to 2 BV and 3 BV, respectively. Under the optimal electrodeposition conditions, 95.6% of Ni(II) in desorption eluent could be recovered as the elemental nickel on the cathode. The total treatment cost for the resin adsorption and regeneration as well as the electrodeposition was calculated.     

识别黄山药、穿龙薯蓣和盾叶薯蓣的分子标记建立

在对黄山药、穿龙薯蓣和盾叶薯蓣的psbA-trnH片段序列分析的基础上,根据3种薯蓣在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别3种薯蓣的寡核苷酸片段,并作为PCR反应的引物,将3种薯蓣的特征标记引物与psbAf-trn-Hr配合使用建立了识别3种薯蓣的显性和共显性两种检测方式,辅以NaOH碱法快速提取薯蓣干燥根茎总DNA,为3种薯蓣相互间快速、准确的鉴别创造了条件.图3表2参9