Development of a accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography analytical method for measuring persistent organohalogen compounds in adipose and organ tissue analysis

A new analytical method has been developed for the quantification of 59 different persistent organohalogen compounds, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biological organ tissues. The optimum extraction and cleanup procedures were examined using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), automated gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on Biobeads S-X3 and automated solid phase extraction (SPE) on silica-gel. The target compounds were divided into two fractions, non-polar compounds and more polar compounds, which in the latter fraction was subsequently methylated using diazomethane. Detection can be achieved by GC/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. The average recoveries of the compounds spiked in swine liver, heart, kidney, and cattle adipose tissues were considered satisfactory, and it was confirmed that the method could be used in routine analysis.     

黔南州重安江流域水环境现状及成因分析

从流域尺度研究黔南州重安江水环境质量变化特征,分析流域水环境现状.结果表明:黔南州重安江流域水质在2018年前总体较差,干流除黑塘桥断面外均在2018年消除劣Ⅴ类水体,支流五里桥断面水质在2019年达到Ⅲ类,川恒公司排口下游断面水质在2020年达到Ⅲ类,流域水环境时空异质性显著,上游水质总体优于下游.从超标污染物来看,...     

木棉生物炭对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性和机制研究

选取木棉为原材料,在不同温度下制备成生物炭.实验考察了溶液初始pH、不同热解温度及生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响,并利用吸附动力学、吸附等温线及SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS、Zeta电位等手段研究木棉生物炭对水溶液Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性及吸附机理.结果表明,热解温度为400℃,固液比为2∶1,pH=2.0时,木棉生物炭对水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果最好.吸附动力学和吸附等温线结果显示,颗粒内扩散方程和Langmuir模型更能较好地拟合吸附过程.由Langmuir模型可以看出,400、550、700℃热解温度下制备的木棉生物炭对水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的最大吸附量分别为25.325、20.602、19.616 mg·g^-1.FTIR和Zeta结果表明,木棉生物炭主要通过官能团络合和静电吸附作用去除水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）.XPS分析结果显示,生物炭表面大部分Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,其中,Cr（Ⅵ）占比为26.6%,Cr（Ⅲ）占比为73.4%.研究表明,木棉生物炭作为去除水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附剂具有较大的应用潜力.     

Canopy compass in nocturnal homing of the subsocial shield bug, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parastrachia japonensis</Emphasis> (Heteroptera: Parastrachiidae)

In contrast to an open environment where a specific celestial cue is predominantly used, visual contrast of canopies against the sky through the gap, known as canopy cues, is known to play a major role for visually guided insect navigators in woodland habitats. In this paper, we investigated whether a subsocial shield bug, Parastrachia japonensis, could gauge direction using canopy cues on a moonless night. The results show that they could perform the round trip foraging behaviour even in an experimental arena with only an artificial round gap opened in the ceiling of the arena and adjust their homing direction for a new azimuth when the gap was rotated. Thus, P. japonensis can use slightly brighter canopy cues as a compass reference but not complex landmarks during nocturnal homing behaviour.     

Interspecific mating of the introduced bumblebee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis> and the native Japanese bumblebee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis</Emphasis> results in inviable hybrids

The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is not only an effective pollinator, but also a potential invasive alien species outside its native range. Recently, nearly 30% of queens of the Japanese native species Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis and B. hypocrita hypocrita were estimated to copulate with B. terrestris males in the field, suggesting that indigenous bumblebees could be genetically deteriorated through hybrid production with the introduced species. In this study, we evaluated hybrid production between the introduced B. terrestris and the indigenous B. hypocrita sapporoensis under laboratory conditions. The hatching rate of eggs derived from interspecific matings was 0% and 8.6% depending on the direction of the cross, which was significantly lower than that from intraspecific matings of B. terrestris (76.9%) and B. hypocrita sapporoensis (78.9%). Genetic studies using microsatellite markers revealed that both haploid and diploid individuals were present in the egg stage, whereas all hatched larvae were haploid. In addition, histological studies revealed that eggs derived from interspecific matings terminated development 2 days after oviposition. These results strongly suggested that eggs derived from interspecific matings are inviable due to post-mating isolation mechanisms. Mass release of exotic pollinators could cause serious population declines of native bumblebee species.     

Age-dependent accumulation of heavy metals in a pod of killer whales (Orcinus orca) stranded in the northern area of Japan

Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in the liver, kidney and muscle of nine killer whales (including three calves) that stranded together in the northern area of Japan were determined. The Hg and Cd concentrations were found at trace levels in the calf organs, and increased with age. The Fe concentration in the muscle was significantly lower in the calves than in the mature whales and also increased with age. In contrast, Mn and Cu concentrations in the muscle were significantly higher in the calves than in the mature whales, and changes in the Zn concentration relative to age were unclear. These results suggest minimal mother-to-calf transfer of the toxic metals Hg and Cd and accumulation of these metals in the organs with age, while the essential metals Mn and Cu were found at higher concentrations in the muscle of calves than in mature whales.     

环境样品中痕量铅的流动注射在线分离及分光光度检测

1　IntroductionLeadiswellknownasoneofthemosttoxicmetalsandnotedinthefieldofenvironmentalchemistry[1 ] .Theleadconcentrationinnaturalwaterisextremelylow (sub μg·l-1 level)sothatsomepreconcentrationstepmustbeincludedtoassurethesensitivityofaconventionalin…     

An atmospheric dispersion model for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan--a method for evaluating topographical effects

An atmospheric dispersion model was developed for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan, and a method for evaluating topographical effects using this model was proposed. The atmospheric dispersion model consists of an airflow model with a turbulence closure model based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The evaluation of the maximum concentration of air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and suspended particulate matter is usually considered of primary importance for environmental impact assessment. Three indices were therefore estimated by the atmospheric dispersion model: the ratios (alpha and beta, respectively) of the maximum concentration and the distance of the point of the maximum concentration from the source over topography to the respective values over a flat plane, and the relative concentration distribution [gamma(x)] along the ground surface projection of the plume axis normalized by the maximum concentration over a flat plane. The atmospheric dispersion model was applied to the topography around a power plant with a maximum elevation of more than 1,000 m. The values of alpha and beta evaluated by the atmospheric dispersion model varied between 1 and 3 and between 1 and 0.4, respectively, depending on the topographical features. These results and the calculated distributions of y(x) were highly similar to the results of the wind tunnel experiment. Therefore, when the slope of a hill or mountain is similar to the topography considered in this study, it is possible to evaluate topographical effects on exhaust gas dispersion with reasonable accuracy using the atmospheric dispersion model as well as wind tunnel experiments.     

Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human milk in Saitama, Japan, and epidemiological research

From 1998 to 2000, the dioxin levels were measured in the milk of 299 mothers who lived in Saitama prefecture, Japan. Factors that influenced the dioxin levels were investigated based on a questionnaire given to the milk donors at that time. It was found that the dioxin levels in the milk of the mothers who smoked were lower than those of non-smokers, and the dioxin levels were generally low in the mothers who were heavy smokers. The average dioxin levels in the milk of mothers who had been breast-fed were higher than those given formula, and there was a significant difference in the dioxin congeners. It was also found that the dioxin levels in milk of the women who regularly consumed fish and shellfish were generally higher. There was a strong correlation between summation operator TEQ and PCB126. The data suggested that PCB126 could be a useful indicator for the simplified analysis of dioxin in human milk.     

大气污染防治行动对哈尔滨常规大气污染物的影响

自2013年我国实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,我国大气中常规污染物的浓度逐年降低,环境空气质量得到了显著改善.哈尔滨市2014年以来,也陆续实施了《清洁空气行动计划》、《大气污染防治专项行动计划（2016─2018）》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》.本文基于哈尔滨市2015—2019年6种常规大气污染物在国控站点的浓度数据,对其污染特征和年际变化规律进行了深入研究.结果表明,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的浓度呈现显著下降的趋势,而O₃的浓度却呈现上升的趋势.相关性分析表明大部分污染物与温度、湿度、降雨和风速均具有显著的相关性,反映了气象参数对于大气中常规污染物浓度的影响.谐波回归模型的结果表明,污染物的浓度具有明显的季节变化趋势和年际变化趋势,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的半衰期分别为5.05±0.310、7.81±0.640、6.32±0.312、6.58±0.297和8.13±0.442年,O₃的倍增期为10.0±1.02年.结合哈尔滨近几年实施的大气污染防治行动计划,表明大气污染源的有效控制是常规大气污染物浓度持续下降的主要原因.