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51.
L. Donald Duke Molly M. Kihara 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(3):661-676
ABSTRACT: Nonstorm water discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) are notable for spatial and temporal variability in volume, pollutant type, pollutant concentration, and activity of origin. The objective of this paper was to determine whether current technical knowledge and existing U.S. policy support an improved regulatory approach. The proposed policy would use type of discharge as a regulatory basis, merging the concepts of allowability of de minimis discharges and type-based statewide consistent rules. Specific research objectives were to comprehensively identify discharge types, characterize their prevalence in California, analyze relevant local and regional regulatory guidelines, and systematically evaluate opinions of experts about potential water quality impacts. Results demonstrate nonstorm water discharges were widespread in at least one sector, industrial facilities subject to a state permit; one discharge for every four facilities was reported in 1995, even though the permit explicitly prohibits such discharges. Clear consensus exists for minimal water quality concern for some discharge types when considering both municipal guidelines and experts’ opinions. In particular, condensate from a wide range of equipment and discharges from fire fighting equipment testing were found to be of low concern. Discharge types with consensus high concern were largely limited to discharges prohibited under other regulations, such as wastewater and hazardous waste management controls. Some discharge types where no consensus was identified, such as landscape irrigation, nevertheless generated concern for water quality impacts and appear to be relatively widespread. Available information supports technical feasibility of the proposed policy because at least some discharge types show strong consensus for de minimis impacts among regulatory guidelines and opinions of technical experts. 相似文献
52.
Leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, are highly migratory, spending most of their lives submerged or offshore where their feeding habits are difficult to observe.
In order to elucidate the foraging ecology of leatherbacks off Massachusetts, USA, stable isotope analyses were performed
on leatherback tissues and prey collected from 2005 to 2009. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon were determined
in whole blood, red blood cells, blood plasma, muscle, liver, and skin from adult male, female, and subadult leatherbacks.
Isotopic values were analyzed by body size (curved carapace length) and grouped by sex, and groups were tested for dietary
differences. Gelatinous zooplankton samples were collected from leatherback foraging grounds using surface dip nets and stratified
net tows, and prey contribution to leatherback diet was estimated using a two-isotope Bayesian mixing model. Skin and whole
blood δ13C values and red blood cell δ15N values were correlated with body size, while δ13C values of red blood cells, whole blood, and blood plasma differed by sex. Mixing model results suggest that leatherbacks
foraging off Massachusetts primarily consume the scyphozoan jellyfishes, Cyanea capillata and Chrysaora quinquecirrha, and ctenophores, while a smaller proportion of their diet comes from holoplanktonic salps and sea butterflies (Cymbuliidae).
Our results are consistent with historical observations of leatherback turtles feeding on scyphozoan prey in this region and
offer new insight into size- and sex-related differences in leatherback diet. 相似文献
53.
Summary A laboratory study on the ontogeny of social behavior in pikas (Ochotona princeps), an alpine lagomorph, was conducted to determine the role of early relationships between adult females and young and among siblings in the development of territorial and dispersal behaviors. Sex differences during development were examined because field studies have reported greater dispersal distances in young females than young males. At birth, females were significantly heavier than males. There were no sex differences in nursing frequency until after the 2nd week of age, when males initiated more nursing attempts than females. By the end of the weaning period (weeks 5 and 6), adult females became non-interactive with young, but aggression of young toward littermates and the mother increased until the eighth week. At this time, young males outweighed their sibling females. Young were dominant over their mothers by the age of 5 weeks, and young males were dominant over their sibling females.Sex differences were observed in aggression, scent-marking, exploratory activity, and submissive vocalizations, with higher rates in young males, except for submissive vocalizations, which were higher in females (Table 2). Vocalizations and scent-marking behavior increased over time, and were positively correlated with interaction rates.These data support the hypothesis that female young disperse farther than male young largely as the result of unsuccessful competition with male siblings for available territories close to the birthplance. A dispersal strategy for pkkas is proposed. 相似文献
54.
Molly S. Chatterjee Robert R. Weiss Uma L. Verma Nergesh A. Tejani J. Macri 《黑龙江环境通报》1983,3(4):357-361
A case of conjoined twins with open spina bifida prenatally diagnosed at the twenty-third week of gestation is presented. The early detection of this rare and unusual malformation was initiated by the observation of markedly elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein values. Ultrasound evidence of a misshaped cephalic pole and the appearance of one fetal body on real-time ultrasound was strongly suggestive. Elective midtrimester termination confirmed the prenatal diagnosis and was followed by a benign postpartum course. 相似文献
55.
We examined factors that determine the outcome of agonistic encounters between male pygmy swordtail fish. Xiphophorus nigrensis and X. multilineatus males formed dominance relationships based on body size in staged laboratory encounters. There was a significant negative correlation between size asymmetry and fight intensity, suggesting that males assessed size in the encounters. However, a significant proportion of the variation in fight intensity in contests that escalated to bites could not be explained by size asymmetry. Aggressive motivation may also influence the outcome of contests and could be assessed in agonistic encounters. Theory suggests that signals of aggressive intention will be evolutionarily stable if individuals can recognize opponents and encounter one another repeatedly. In addition, individual recognition is one way that dominance hierarchies can be maintained. Here we demonstrate that males from both species can recognize individuals. In addition, at least some X. nigrensis males were site-faithful in the field, suggesting males encounter the same opponents repeatedly.Communicated by G.M. Klump 相似文献
56.
Jennifer Goldstein Scott Heppell Andrew Cooper Solange Brault Molly Lutcavage 《Marine Biology》2007,151(6):2063-2075
The reproductive status and body condition of 195 (≥185 cm curved fork length, CFL; assigned age 7 and above) Atlantic bluefin
tuna were assessed in the Gulf of Maine during the commercial fishing season of June–October, 2000–2002. Given the distance
between known spawning and feeding grounds, the prevailing paradigm for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus, L.) suggests that the most likely histological state for females arriving in the Gulf of Maine after spawning would be a
resting or quiescent state with little or no perigonadal fat. Alternatively, the presence of mature or mature-inactive histological
states in some females supports a more varied or individualistic model for bluefin reproduction. No relationship was found
between body condition and reproductive status. Males were found in all reproductive stages, but were more likely to be in
spawning condition (stages 4 and 5) or a mature-inactive state (stage 6) in June and July. Female bluefin tuna were found
in stage 1 (immature or non-spawning) and stage 6 (mature-inactive). Stage 6 females were only present in June and July and
smaller females (<235 cm CFL) were more likely to be in stage 6 than large females (>235 cm CFL) sampled during those same
months. The presence of smaller females in stage 6 arriving at the same time as larger females in stage 1 indicates that Western
Atlantic bluefin tuna may have an asynchronous reproductive schedule and may mature at a smaller size than the currently accepted
paradigm suggests. 相似文献
57.
Forests in climate policy: technical,institutional and economic issues in measurement and monitoring
Molly?K.?MacauleyEmail author Roger?A.?Sedjo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(5):499-513
Despite the economic and environmental significance of the world’s forests, we have limited data about them. Estimates of
deforestation in tropical countries and rates of reforestation or afforestation in boreal and temperate countries are inconsistent.
Accordingly, estimates of emissions released in deforestation vary widely and range from 7% to 17% of all sources of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions. The lack of good data severely hampers efforts to shape climate policy because it is difficult to model
the role of forests both in the physical global carbon (C) cycle and in cost-effective regimes to abate GHG. Data limits strain
the capacity of even the best models to estimate marginal cost functions for forest carbon (C) sequestration. It is technically
possible to obtain better information, but for institutional and economic reasons these technologies have not yet been fully
deployed. The emergence of carbon (C) trading or tax policy in which forest carbon (C) storage becomes valued would strengthen
incentives to supply better data, as would nonmarket regulation if it elicited a shadow value of forest carbon (C) in substituting
for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. “Geo-wiki” may provide a short-term solution to at least part of the data problem.
The ultimate solution is the development of a comprehensive forest monitoring system involving remote sensing and on-the-ground
truthing. This paper briefly discusses the role of forests in climate policy and then describes data gaps, the capability
of technology to fill them, the limits of institutions and budgets in realizing this capability, and possible near-term solutions. 相似文献
58.
Molly E Brown 《Journal of Land Use Science》2016,11(6):623-641
ABSTRACTClimate change and a rapidly growing human population have put ever greater strains on the global food system. Although the number of food insecure people in the world has reached a record low, changing land use and climate variability will threaten our ability to maintain this progress. Profound changes in the structure of economies around the world have affected agricultural production and how food is delivered to the consumer. This paper explores connections between land use, environmental change and food availability, access, and utilization. Each of these elements of food security has vulnerabilities to changing environmental conditions and land use that can be explored using satellite remote sensing observations. Technology is a key way environmental changes can be quantified and used in food security assessment. 相似文献
59.
Climate warming-induced plant species loss is likely to be nonrandom and based on species-specific susceptibility to changing climate. We examined the ecological consequences of losing shallow-rooted forbs, a group of species we predict to be adversely affected by climate change based on their response to experimental warming. After three years of experimental species removal, tap-rooted forbs and grasses were able to fully compensate for the loss of shallow-rooted forbs with increased biomass production. Moreover, the remaining plant community yielded a larger biomass response to nitrogen addition when shallow-rooted forbs were removed, possibly because removal led to increased soil moisture. We conclude that, although shallow-rooted forbs share a common response to warming, their loss did not affect community-level biomass. However, the loss of shallow-rooted forbs could result in increased sensitivity to perturbations, such as changing nutrient availability. Our results demonstrate that realistic, nonrandom scenarios of species loss do not necessarily follow the general pattern of decreased productivity and dampened response to nitrogen addition with species loss that is predicted by theory and many experimental results. Further examinations of nonrandom species loss in other ecosystems are needed to further improve our understanding of the consequences of human-driven species loss. 相似文献
60.
Sexual selection and species recognition play important roles in mate choice; however, sexual selection preferences may overlap with traits found in heterospecifics, producing a conflict between sexual selection and species recognition. We examined female preferences in Xiphophorus pygmaeus for male traits that could provide both types of information to determine how females use multiple cues when preferences for these cues would conflict. We also examined X. pygmaeus behavior in the field to determine if females have the opportunity to choose mates. As no male-male competition was observed in the field, and females occasionally chased males from feeding areas, females apparently have the opportunity to exercise mate choice in their natural habitat. In the laboratory, female X. pygmaeus used body size as a sexual selection cue, preferring large heterospecifics (X. cortezi) to small conspecifics. Females also preferred barless X. cortezi over barred X. cortezi when males were size matched. Because X. pygmaeus males do not have bars, this preference suggests that X. pygmaeus females use vertical bars in species recognition, and that large body size and vertical bars are conflicting cues. However, X. pygmaeus females did not have a preference for males of either species when sexual selection and species recognition cues were presented concurrently. This result was surprising, because preferences for species recognition cues are often assumed to be stronger than sexual selection cues. We suggest that females may be using additional species-specific cues in mate choice to prevent hybridization. 相似文献