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11.
A developed instantaneous emission model is applied to predict emission factors for small vehicle fleets for quality assessment.
Extensive vehicle measurements of pre-Euro-1 gasoline, Euro-3 gasoline, and Euro-2 diesel vehicles are available. The data
were used to develop individual vehicle emission models for each car. The prediction quality for each vehicle category was
determined by averaging the results obtained from the individual vehicle models. The results show that the prediction quality
is improved in comparison with the individual vehicles, even with a small number of vehicles in a specific category. This
indicates that the errors in the individual models are mainly random and that prediction quality, when applied to fleets of
cars, is exceptionally high. 相似文献
12.
Mahmut Coskun Akin Cayir Munevver Coskun Onder Kilic 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,174(1-4):219-227
A survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the east and south Marmara region, Turkey was carried out in September 2004. For this purpose, moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme) were collected in a systematic network of 125 sites. Concentrations of the elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Mg, Ti, and Zn) in the moss were used as an indication of the level of air pollution in the region. Significant differences in heavy metal concentrations, especially for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, were recorded in the moss samples collected around industrialized and heavily populated cities (Istanbul, Bursa, Band?rma, Kocaeli, Biga-?an) and in an abandoned lead-mining area (Bal?kesir-Balya). A map of the spatial distribution of each element in the region was plotted, and enrichment factors were calculated. VARIMAX principal component analysis was applied to the data obtained, and five different components were obtained. The results showed that Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn derived from anthropogenic and industrial sources while other elements came mostly from natural sources. 相似文献
13.
A Parametric Study of a Piston-Prop Aircraft Engine Using Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analysis Methods
In this study, exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis methods are applied to a four-cylinder, spark ignition (SI), naturally aspirated and air-cooled piston-prop aircraft engine in the cruise phase of flight operations. The duration of cruise is selected to be 1 h. Three parameters, altitude, rated power setting (PS), and air-to-fuel ratio (AF), are varied by the calculation of the max–min values of exergy analysis. Based on the results of energy analysis, the values for the maximum energy efficiency and fuel consumption flow rate are calculated to be 21.73% and 28.02 kg/h, respectively, at 1000-m altitude and 75% PS. The results of exergy analysis indicate that all exergetic values vary from 65% to 75% PS, while this increase is not seen in exergoeconomic analysis. While the maximum exergy input rate is obtained to be 405.60 kW, exergy efficiency has the minimum value with 14.43% and exergy destruction rate has the maximum value with 168.48 kW. These values are achieved at 3000-m altitude and 18 AFs. The maximum average exergy cost of the fuel is calculated to be 130.77 $/GJ at 1000-m altitude, 13 AF ratios, and 65% PS. At this point, while the minimum cost rate associated with the exergy destruction is obtained to be 40.29 $/h, the maximum exergoeconomic factor is found to be 19.98%. 相似文献
14.
Onder Alper Kıvanç Mehmet Rıza Durmuş Seçil Ilgin Pinar Ozay Hava Ozay Ozgur 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(7):2928-2942
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - This study is the first report of the preparation of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) hydrogels rapidly crosslinked with divinyl sulfone in a single step and... 相似文献