武汉东湖近代沉积物中总氮、总磷与生物硅沉积与营养演化的动态过程

选择富营养化程度较高的武汉东湖作为研究对象,于2011年对其中4个子湖湖心的沉积物进行了采集,并分析了沉积物中总氮、总磷与生物硅含量。结果表明:对照东湖沉积速率(约0.33 cm·a-1),在底层41～50 cm(1860—1890年)与31～40 cm(1890—1920年),东湖4处子湖氮、磷、硅基本为湖泊自然沉积;在中层21～30 cm(1920—1950年),人类活动有所增强,沉积有所变化;表层沉积物0～10 cm(1980—2010年)、11～20 cm(1950—1980年)中氮、磷、硅沉积普遍上升,这一时期对应着东湖人类干扰活动的普遍增加。对东湖4个子湖的沉积物氮、磷与硅的对比研究表明:人类活动增加了对东湖氮、磷的排放,促进了东湖硅藻的生长及硅的消耗,东湖不同子湖之间氮、磷、硅的沉积存在着明显差异,这可能与人类活动的影响差异有关。     

好氧反硝化菌种DF2的分离鉴定及生理生化特性分析

分离了新型的高效反硝化细菌并研究其生物脱氮效率。通过观察形态学、生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因同源分析来鉴定菌种,致力于研究微生物污水脱氮处理的实际效果和克服反硝化过程中有害中间产物的积累。利用BTB培养基从水平潜流人工湿地基质中初步筛选出了9株平板阳性菌,革兰阴阳性均有。经试验研究发现该9种菌株在好氧条件下均具有一定的脱氮能力,其中以DF2和DF3 2种菌株脱氮能力最为显著,在3 d时间内NOX--N去除率达到了95%以上,NO2--N仅有微量积累;而其它7种菌株对NO3--N的去除率可以达到98%以上,但是NO2--N积累比较严重,积累量达到了NO3--N去除的50%~70%左右。经测序分析鉴定DF2和DF3分别属于德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonadaceae)。德克斯氏菌属作为除氮的反硝化菌属在以往的研究中鲜有报道,该菌在好氧条件下可以合成周质NAR的亚基基因(napA)。     

融雪剂对大叶黄杨生长和生理特性的影响

为了研究融雪剂对道路绿化植物的影响,以大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus Thunb)为研究材料,研究了其在3种融雪剂(JLR-01、LBR-4、芦笛一号)不同施用量影响下的生长量和生理特性。结果表明:随着融雪剂LBR-4和芦笛一号的施用量的增大,大叶黄杨叶片的相对生长量和株高相对生长量、光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)随之减小,而低施用量的融雪剂JLR-01对大叶黄杨生长量、Pn、WUE和Tr有促进作用。随着融雪剂作用时间的延长,3种融雪剂的Pn和WUE也随之减小,Tr则是先减小后有所增大。当融雪剂施用量较小和胁迫时间较短时,Pn下降是因为气孔关闭;而当施用量较大和胁迫时间较长时,Pn下降是因为叶肉同化能力下降;3种融雪剂对大叶黄杨的胁迫程度由大到小的次序为:芦笛一号>LBR-4>JLR-01;大叶黄杨对3种融雪剂施用量的忍耐阈值在80 g.m-2左右,大叶黄杨对施用LBR-4和芦笛一号的耐受时间阈值大约为3周,对施用JLR-01的耐受时间阈值为3周以上。     

地震专家谈日本地震

记得法国伟大的文学家雨果曾经说过：＂地球是一个善良的慈父,同时又是一个凶恶的屠夫。＂我们生活的家园——地球,一方面赐予人类宜居的环境和丰富的资源,使人类得以一代又一代繁衍生息;另一方面,地球上频发的自然灾害,严重威胁和伤害着人类,地震、火山喷发、海啸、飓风、洪水、干旱等等,几乎无时无刻不在发生。     

双圆形衬砌隧洞对柱面SH波作用下附近场地动力响应的影响分析∗

在柱面SH波作用下,由于弹性半空间中存在水平和垂直平行双圆形衬砌隧道,附近场地的动力响应将会受到影响。因此,本文基于弹性波理论,采用波函数展开法分析了双隧洞周围的柱面SH波散射问题,给出了双圆形衬砌隧道附近场地的位移解析解,并验证了该解的收敛性。通过对衬砌隧洞的衬砌刚度、隧洞埋深、两隧洞的中心间距以及入射波频率等参数的分析,研究了双圆形衬砌隧洞附近场地土体的位移幅值沿水平方向和深度方向的变化规律。结果表明:衬砌刚度、隧洞埋深、中心间距以及入射频率对双圆形衬砌隧洞附近场地的动力响应有着显著的影响。     

环境工程本科人才需求与教育教学改革研究

系统分析了中国高速工业化和城市化造成的环境工程本科人才市场的变化及其给环境工程高等教育带来的机遇和挑战,评价了环境工程高等教育状况,探讨了环境工程高等教育教学改革的方向,为指导环境工程大学生正确择业、促进环境工程高等教育的健康发展提供了依据。     

Tailpipe emission characterizations of diesel-fueled forklifts under real-world operations using a portable emission measurement system

Non-road equipment is one of the key contributing sources to air pollution. Thus, an accurate development of emission inventory from non-road equipment is imperative for air quality management, especially for equipment with a large population such as diesel-fueled forklifts. The objective of this paper is to characterize duty-cycle based emissions from diesel-fueled forklifts using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Three duty-cycles were defined in this study, including idling, moving, and working (active duty operation) and used to characterize in-use emissions for diesel-fueled forklifts. A total of twelve diesel-fueled forklifts were selected for real-world emission measurements. Results showed that fuel-based emission factors appear to have smaller variability compared to time-based ones. For example, the time-based emission factors for CO, HC, NO, and PM_2.5 for forklifts were estimated to be 16.6–43.9, 5.3–15.1, 26.2–49.9, 5.5–11.1 g/hr with the fuel-based emission factors being 12.1–20.3, 4.1–8.3, 19.1–32.4, 3.5–6.5 g/kg-fuel, respectively. NO emissions appear to be the biggest concern for emissions control. Furthermore, most of the emissions factors estimated from this study are significantly different from those in both National Guideline for Emission Inventory Development for Non-Road Equipment in China and well-developed emission factor models such as NONROAD by US EPA. This implies that localized, preferably fuel-based emission factors should be adjusted based on real-world emission measurements in order to develop a representative emission inventory for non-road equipment.     

Eco-Compensation in Multi-District River Networks in North Jiangsu, China

Eco-compensation is a multi-disciplinary topic. There is no consensus on the issue of river eco-compensation across districts. Although policies regarding river eco-compensation have been issued in China since 2008, due to the high cost, eco-compensation has not been well implemented in the Taihu pilot region. Therefore, a simplified method based solely on water quality (both water quality and water volume included in the Taihu method) was proposed for North Jiangsu province (NJP). However, the formula was flawed and it led to payments being too low. Three problems need to be solved: (1) how to specify the eco-compensation areas; (2) how to test a reasonable eco-compensation model and (3) how to determine the compensation criterion. Solving these issues is already a priority. In this paper, three potential solutions surrounding eco-compensation are discussed: (1) three principles for selecting the representative eco-compensation areas are suggested; (2) the compensation calculation method based on contaminant flux above the ultra standard is revised and (3) a compensation criterion model based on the treatment costs of sewage is proposed. In the NJP case in 2009, the average eco-compensation criterion for chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 2,000 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per ton and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄–N) and total phosphorus (TP) are 8,000 CNY and 80,000 CNY per ton, respectively. Five districts needed to be compensated. The payments in the revised scheme were 4.15–586 million CNY, which were 16–48 times greater than that in the draft method. The new method can provide an important template for managers when drafting river eco-compensation schemes.     

青海省沿黄12县自然灾害活动特征及承灾体脆弱性评价

根据1949～2000年青海省沿黄12县的地质、地震和区域气候资料,对青海省黄河干流水电梯级开发已建龙羊峡和李家峡水库蓄水前后自然灾害的活动特征进行了分析.在此基础上,依据层次性、代表性、易得性、客观性和可统计性等原则,建立了适于评价县域承灾体脆弱性的指标体系,并采用加权分级评分法对其进行了量化评估,以揭示区域未来成灾趋势.评价结果表明,湟中、湟源、民和、化隆、循化、尖扎、共和是洪涝、干旱、病虫害、地质和地震灾害的高发区,承灾体也非常脆弱.     

稀土离子对超氧阴离子自由基生成的抑制作用

利用肾上腺素在碱性条件下自氧化产生超氧阴离子自由基（O^.-2）的性质，研究了稀土硝酸盐对生成O^.-2的抑制作用。稀土硝酸盐与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）具有相似的性质，对肾上腺素自氧化生成的O^.-2有明显的抑制作用。抑制率在16．3％－78．4％之间，而且体系中稀土硝酸盐的浓度与其对O^.-2的抑制率之间有明显的剂量效应关系。