Conservation Implications of Dietary Dilution from Debris Ingestion: Sublethal Effects in Post-Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles

Abstract: Ingestion of anthropogenic debris by marine species has been documented extensively; fewer studies have attempted to quantify the sublethal effects caused by debris ingestion. One potential sublethal effect is reduced nutrient gains from diets diluted by consumption of debris. Post-hatchling and juvenile loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ) consume substantial quantities of debris. We evaluated the effects of dietary dilution on voluntary intake in post-hatchling loggerheads to assess their ability to compensate for the presence of inert diluents in their diet by increasing dry mass intakes to maintain nutrient gains. Mean daily intakes of dry mass did not increase significantly with dietary dilution, so intakes of energy and nitrogen on a 50% dilution diet were significantly lower than on a 10% dilution diet. Therefore, post-hatchling loggerheads have an extremely limited ability to compensate for dietary dilution and would experience sublethal effects from decreased energy and nitrogen gains on dilute diets. Decreased nutrient intakes have serious conservation implications because of possible decreased growth rates, longer developmental periods at sizes most vulnerable to predation, depleted energy reserves, reduced reproductive output, and decreased survivorship.     

Organochlorines in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) tissues from the northern Gulf of Alaska

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, heptachlor and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were analyzed in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) tissues collected from the Gulf of Alaska during 2000-2001. summation SigmaPCBs (16-728 ng/gl w) and summation SigmaDDTs (14-368 ng/gl w) were the predominant pollutants followed by summation operatorHCHs (0.56-93 ng/gl w) and heptachlor (相似文献   

城市道路绿化带不同植物叶片附尘对大气污染的磁学响应

对上海市金沙江路两侧绿化带内24个常绿植物叶片样品进行了磁性与重金属测试,以探讨城市道路绿化带不同植物叶片附尘对大气污染的磁学响应.结果表明,χ、SIRM值分别在（4～59）×10-8m3.kg-1和（496～6 114）×10-6Am2.kg-1之间变化,S-300 mT在89%～98%之间变动.所有植物样品中χARM/χ〈4,χARM/SIRM〈30×10-5mA-1.磁性参数表明,植物叶片附尘以亚铁磁性矿物为主,磁性矿物颗粒以假单畴（PSD）-多畴（MD）为主.重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb含量与反映亚铁磁性矿物含量的χ、SIRM、χARM呈显著正相关,可以将磁性参数SIRM作为叶片重金属元素的替代指标.推荐在上海地区广泛种植的广玉兰作为道路植物污染的指示植物。     

Fine-scale genetic structure in short-beaked common dolphins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Delphinus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">delphis</Emphasis>) along the East Australian Current

Oceanographic processes play a significant role in shaping the genetic structure of marine populations, but it is less clear whether they affect genetic differentiation of highly mobile vertebrates. We used microsatellite markers and mtDNA control region sequences to investigate the spatial genetic structure of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in southeastern Australia, a region characterised by complex oceanographic conditions associated with the East Australian Current (EAC). A total of 115 biopsy samples of dolphins were collected from six localities spanning approximately 1,000 km of the New South Wales (NSW) coastline. We found evidence for contrasting genetic diversity and fine-scale genetic structure, characterised by three genetically differentiated populations with varying levels of admixture. Spatial genetic structure was not explained by a model of isolation by distance, instead it coincides with main patterns of oceanographic variation along the EAC. We propose that common dolphins along the EAC may be adapted to three water masses recently characterised in this region.     

溶剂萃取法再生废机油的研究

用溶剂萃取-白土精制法对4种废机油进行了再生研究,萃取过程剂油质量比为3∶1,萃取温度为60℃,减压蒸馏回收溶剂。白土精制过程中白土质量为油质量的10%,精制温度为185℃。精制后4种废机油的密度、凝点、黏度、闪点、酸值等都有不同程度的改善。     

Effects of Forest Management Practices on Mid-Atlantic Streams

Agricultural and urban land use activities have affected stream ecosystems throughout the mid-Atlantic region. However, over 60% of the mid-Atlantic region is forested. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of management practices on forested stream ecosystems throughout the mid-Atlantic region. The study consisted of two phases: Phase 1 was a literature synthesis of information available on the effects of forest management practices on stream hydrology, erosion and sedimentation, riparian habitat alteration, chemical addition, and change in biotic diversity in the mid-Atlantic region. In Phase 2, data from mid-Atlantic streams were analyzed to assess the effects of forest land use on stream quality at the regional scale. Typically, it is the larger order streams in which monitoring and assessment occurs—3^rd order or higher streams. The impacts of forest management practices, particularly hydrologic modifications and riparian buffer zone alteration, occur predominantly in first and second order streams with cumulative impacts translating to higher order streams. Based on the literature review and mid-Atlantic Highland streams analysis, there are short-term (e.g., 2 to 5 years) effects of forest management practices on stream quality at local scales. However, signatures of cumulative effects from forest management practices are not apparent at regional scales in the Highlands. In general, forested land use is associated with good stream quality in the region compared with other land use practices.     

Characterization of particulate emissions from Australian open-cut coal mines: Toward improved emission estimates

Given the significance of mining as a source of particulates, accurate characterization of emissions is important for the development of appropriate emission estimation techniques for use in modeling predictions and to inform regulatory decisions. The currently available emission estimation methods for Australian open-cut coal mines relate primarily to total suspended particulates and PM₁₀ (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm), and limited data are available relating to the PM_2.5 (<2.5 μm) size fraction. To provide an initial analysis of the appropriateness of the currently available emission estimation techniques, this paper presents results of sampling completed at three open-cut coal mines in Australia. The monitoring data demonstrate that the particulate size fraction varies for different mining activities, and that the region in which the mine is located influences the characteristics of the particulates emitted to the atmosphere. The proportion of fine particulates in the sample increased with distance from the source, with the coarse fraction being a more significant proportion of total suspended particulates close to the source of emissions. In terms of particulate composition, the results demonstrate that the particulate emissions are predominantly sourced from naturally occurring geological material, and coal comprises less than 13% of the overall emissions. The size fractionation exhibited by the sampling data sets is similar to that adopted in current Australian emission estimation methods but differs from the size fractionation presented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology. Development of region-specific emission estimation techniques for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from open-cut coal mines is necessary to allow accurate prediction of particulate emissions to inform regulatory decisions and for use in modeling predictions.

Implications: Development of region-specific emission estimation techniques for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from open-cut coal mines is necessary to allow accurate prediction of particulate emissions to inform regulatory decisions and for use in modeling predictions. Comprehensive air quality monitoring was undertaken, and corresponding recommendations were provided.     

Sociopolitical ideology and the morality of green behaviour

Combating climate change and protecting the environment is a significant topic amongst political leaders and concerned citizens across the globe. The degree to which individuals perceive green issues as important is connected to their politics, those subscribing to conservative ideologies being less supportive of pro-environmental initiatives and less concerned about climate change than those endsorsing liberal ideologies. Examining political ideology as a uni- and bi-dimensional construct, the present research investigated whether political liberals (vs. conservatives), those higher (vs. lower) in right-wing authoritarianism, and those higher (vs. lower) in social dominance orientation differ in their perceptions of the morality of green behaviours. In Studies 1 (n = 200) and 2 (n = 150), liberal (vs. conservative) ideologies related to perceiving pro-environmental behaviours as more moral. Further, in Study 2, the relation between ideology and perceptions of green behaviours as moral was explained by positive feelings associated with the self engaging in green behaviours.     

Does process fairness affect job performance? It only matters if they plan to stay

Incorporating a social exchange perspective, we examined the joint impact of process fairness and turnover intentions on job performance. Results from two independent samples suggest that employee turnover intentions moderate relations between process fairness perceptions and employee job performance. Specifically, the positive effects of the two types of process fairness on performance were stronger for employees who planned to stay with the organization than for those who intended to leave. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.