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Andres R. Garcia-Martin Frederick N. Scatena Glenn S. Warner Daniel L. Civco 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(6):1259-1271
ABSTRACT: Statistical analysis of watershed parameters derived using a Geographical Information system (GIS) was done to develop equations for estimating the 7d–10yr, 30d–10yr, and 7d–2yr low flow for watersheds in humid montane regions of Puerto Rico. Digital elevation models and land use, geology, soils, and stream network coverages were used to evaluate 21 geomorphic, 10 stream channel, 9 relief, 7 geology, 4 climate, and 2 soil parameters for each watershed. To assess which parameters should be used for further investigation, a correlation analysis was used to determine the independence and collinearity among these parameters and their relationship with low flows. Multiple regression analyses using the selected parameters were then performed to develop the statistical models of low flows. The final models were selected in the basis of the Mallow Cp statistic, the adjusted R2, the Press statistic, the degree of collinearity, and an analysis of the residuals. In the final models, drainage density, the ratio of length of tributaries to the length of the main channel, the percent of drainage area with northeast aspect, and the average weighted slope of the drainage were the most significant parameters. The final models had adjusted standard errors of 58.7 percent, 59.2 percent, and 48.6 percent for the 7d–10yr, 30d–10yr, and 7d–2yr low flows respectively. For comparison, the best model based on watershed parameters that can be easily measured without a GIS had an adjusted standard error of 82.8 percent. 相似文献
43.
Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado Andres Bravo-Oviedo Gregorio Montero Miren del Río 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(7):1059-1072
Thinning, as a forest management strategy, may contribute towards mitigating climate change, depending on its net effect on forest carbon (C) stocks. Although thinning provides off-site C storage (in the form of wood products) it is still not clear whether it results in an increase, a reduction or no change in on-site C storage. In this study we analyze the effect of thinning on C stocks in a long-term experiment. Different thinning intensities (moderate, heavy and unthinned) have been applied over the last 30 years in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, with a thinning rotation period of 10 years. The main C compartments were analyzed: above and belowground tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor and upper 30-cm of the mineral soil and tree biomass removed in thinning treatments. The results revealed that unthinned stands had the highest C stocks with 315 Mg C ha?1, moderate thinning presented 304 Mg C ha?1 and heavy thinning 296 Mg C ha?1, with significant differences between unthinned and heavily thinned stands. These differences were mainly due to C stock in live biomass, which decreased with thinning intensity. However, soil C stocks, forest floor and mineral soil, were not influenced by thinning, all of the stands displaying very similar values 102–107 Mg C ha?1 for total soil; 15–19 Mg C ha?1 for forest floor; 87–88 Mg C ha?1 for mineral soil). These results highlight the sustainability of thinning treatments in terms of C stocks in this pinewood afforestation, and provide valuable information for forest management aimed at mitigating climate change. 相似文献
44.
采用分布式混合试验系统模拟四层钢结构框架在强震下的倒塌行为。变形集中的首层作为试验对象,而上部结构作为数值子结构。各子结构通过协调器满足界面上的平衡和协调条件,并被协调器的输入输出接口封装起来。采用柔性的试验方案,可以在当前有限控制精度的限制下,灵活地处理边界条件。试验结果与日本E-D efense振动台足尺试验结果进行了对比,得到了类似的倒塌机制,证明混合试验有能力进行结构倒塌模拟,而误差主要来自于模型简化。 相似文献
45.
Daniele Gaëlle Fieu Maëva Joachim Sandrine Bado-Nilles Anne Beaudouin Rémy Baudoin Patrick James-Casas Alice Andres Sandrine Bonnard Marc Bonnard Isabelle Geffard Alain Vulliet Emmanuelle 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(20):16893-16904
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aims of this work are to develop suitable analytical methods to determine the widely used anticonvulsant carbamazepine and 12 of its... 相似文献
46.
Sandra Metslaid John A. Stanturf Maris Hordo Henn Korjus Diana Laarmann Andres Kiviste 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(14):13637-13652
Afforestation on reclaimed mining areas has high ecological and economic importance. However, ecosystems established on post-mining substrate can become vulnerable due to climate variability. We used tree-ring data and dendrochronological techniques to study the relationship between climate variables and annual growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on reclaimed open cast oil shale mining areas in Northeast Estonia. Chronologies for trees of different age classes (50, 40, 30) were developed. Pearson’s correlation analysis between radial growth indices and monthly climate variables revealed that precipitation in June–July and higher mean temperatures in spring season enhanced radial growth of pine plantations, while higher than average temperatures in summer months inhibited wood production. Sensitivity of radial increment to climatic factors on post-mining soils was not homogenous among the studied populations. Older trees growing on more developed soils were more sensitive to precipitation deficit in summer, while growth indices of two other stand groups (young and middle-aged) were highly correlated to temperature. High mean temperatures in August were negatively related to annual wood production in all trees, while trees in the youngest stands benefited from warmer temperatures in January. As a response to thinning, mean annual basal area increment increased up to 50 %. By managing tree competition in the closed-canopy stands, through the thinning activities, tree sensitivity and response to climate could be manipulated. 相似文献
47.
48.
Andres Kratovits Jaan-Mati Punning 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2001,30(7):443-449
本文详尽阐述了国际环境体制和多边环境协议在波罗的海沿岸三国(爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛)制订本国环境政策过程中所起的作用。将污染物排放趋势与环境状况变化参照国际环境体制进行对比后可以得出结论,正式加入环境公约与环境领域所发生的变化之间并没有明显的联系。这三个波罗的海沿岸国家的做法是,先加入涉及全球性或区域性环境安全的国际环境体制,尔后才接受对于解决其自身环境问题比较重要的协议并加入相关的体制。因此,可以断定,这三个国家在制订自身环境政策过程中把国际法律文件看作是预防性的,而非整治性的。另一方面,它们认为,积极参与多边环境协议,对于在其环境政策方面采取下一个步骤,即接受欧盟的环境政策("欧亚体经验规范")(Acquis Communautaire),将起着巨大推动作用。 相似文献
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50.
The present global environmental crisis is demanding serious rather than superficial changes within the cultural assumptions of human-to-human and human-to-nature relationships. In this sense, education is one of the strongest tools to model our future and a key factor of cultural change. One of the principal aims of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is to develop cognitive and affective skills that affect people's values, such as empathy and critical thinking. Together with compromise and responsibility towards a group, it is possible to build new values and ways to interact with both people and the environment. In the present study we used positive psychology principles in creating teaching interventions to empower empathy and critical thinking through an ESD programme at a Chilean primary school. The results show that an intervention of this kind helps to harmoniously build reflective thinking and empathy within students. This enables them to achieve important changes in their disposition to make sound personal and environmental decisions, and prepares them to positively meet imposing present and future challenges. 相似文献