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171.
This paper focuses on growth feasibility in an era of increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. A stylised dynamic model illustrates the implications of investing in smooth technological progress in the field of renewable energy. Positive rates of GDP growth sustained by fossil fuels entail, on the one hand, more income available for R&D in renewable energy sources, and on the other, an acceleration of the exhaustible resource depletion time. Our model explores such a trade-off and highlights the danger of high growth rates. Policies should target low growth rates, stimulate investment in alternative energy sources and discourage consumption growth. 相似文献
172.
Ronaldo Sousa Ângela Amorim Carina Sobral Elsa Froufe Simone Varandas Amílcar Teixeira Manuel Lopes-Lima 《Environmental management》2013,52(5):1230-1238
An important population of the critically endangered pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) was surveyed at the edge of its southern distribution (River Paiva, Portugal). Although an earlier study suggested that this population had a very low number of individuals (<500), a narrow distribution, and was mainly comprised by old specimens our data contradict these findings. Our assessment estimated a population with probably more than 5,000 individuals distributed across 80 km of the river length. From the 32 sites surveyed, 19 contained M. margaritifera with higher abundances verified in the middle and upper parts of the river (a maximum of 78 ind. per 100 m of river stretch was recorded). The pearl mussels showed a clear preference for areas near the banks, in shallow water, sandier and gravel sediments, and a high degree of riparian vegetation cover. The population structure was skewed with a very high percentage of large (and old) animals but 3.7 % of the individuals collected were juveniles (<60 mm in length); therefore, this population can be considered functional. Environmental characterization indicated that this river is still in excellent or good condition although some areas showed deterioration due to discharge of domestic effluents. The main conservation requirements of M. margaritifera in the River Paiva include maintaining the water quality (and if possible stopping the discharge of domestic effluents), increasing riparian vegetation cover, removing several weirs to increase connectivity, and increasing trout density. 相似文献
173.
Gerosa G Finco A Mereu S Vitale M Manes F Denti AB 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(5):1737-1744
Ozone and energy fluxes have been measured using the eddy covariance technique, from June to December 2004 in Castelporziano near Rome (Italy), and compared to similar measurements made in the previous year. The studied ecosystem consisted in a typical Mediterranean Holm oak forest. Stomatal fluxes have been calculated using the resistance analogy and by inverting the Penmann-Monteith equation. Results showed that the average stomatal contribution accounts for 42.6% of the total fluxes. Non-stomatal deposition proved to be enhanced by increasing leaf wetness and air humidity during the autumnal months. From a comparison of the two years, it can be inferred that water supply is the most important limiting factor for ozone uptake and that prolonged droughts alter significantly the stomatal conductance, even 2 months after the soil water content is replenished. Ozone exposure, expressed as AOT40, behaves similarly to the cumulated stomatal flux in dry conditions whereas a different behaviour for the two indices appears in wet autumnal conditions. A difference also occurs between the two years. 相似文献
174.
Augustenborg CA Hepp S Kammann C Hagan D Schmidt O Müller C 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(4):1203-1209
Biochar is the product of pyrolysis produced from feedstock of biological origin. Due to its aromatic structure and long residence time, biochar may enable long-term carbon sequestration. At the same time, biochar has the potential to improve soil fertility and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. However, the effect of biochar application on GHG fluxes from soil must be investigated before recommendations for field-scale biochar application can be made. A laboratory experiment was designed to measure carbon dioxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from two Irish soils with the addition of two different biochars, along with endogeic (soil-feeding) earthworms and ammonium sulfate, to assist in the overall evaluation of biochar as a GHG-mitigation tool. A significant reduction in NO emissions was observed from both low and high organic matter soils when biochars were applied at rates of 4% (w/w). Earthworms significantly increased NO fluxes in low and high organic matter soils more than 12.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively. The large increase in soil NO emissions in the presence of earthworms was significantly reduced by the addition of both biochars. biochar reduced the large earthworm emissions by 91 and 95% in the low organic matter soil and by 56 and 61% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. With peanut hull biochar, the earthworm emissions reduction was 80 and 70% in the low organic matter soil, and only 20 and 10% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. In high organic matter soil, both biochars reduced CO efflux in the absence of earthworms. However, soil CO efflux increased when peanut hull biochar was applied in the presence of earthworms. This study demonstrated that biochar can potentially reduce earthworm-enhanced soil NO and CO emissions. Hence, biochar application combined with endogeic earthworm activity did not reveal unknown risks for GHG emissions at the pot scale, but field-scale experiments are required to confirm this. 相似文献
175.
Ines Dombrowsky Ram Almog Nir Becker Eran Feitelson Simone Klawitter Stefan Lindemann Natalie Mutlak 《Environmental management》2010,45(5):1112-1126
The basin scale has been promoted universally as the optimal management unit that allows for the internalization of all external
effects caused by multiple water uses. However, the basin scale has been put forward largely on the basis of experience in
temperate zones. Hence whether the basin scale is the best scale for management in other settings remains questionable. To
address these questions this paper analyzes the economic viability and the political feasibility of alternative management
options in the Kidron/Wadi Nar region. The Kidron/Wadi Nar is a small basin in which wastewater from eastern Jerusalem flows
through the desert to the Dead Sea. Various options for managing these wastewater flows were analyzed ex ante on the basis
of both a cost benefit and a multi-criteria analysis. The paper finds that due to economies of scale, a pure basin approach
is not desirable from a physical and economic perspective. Furthermore, in terms of political feasibility, it seems that the
option which prompts the fewest objections from influential stakeholder groups in the two entities under the current asymmetrical
political setting is not a basin solution either, but a two plant solution based on an outsourcing arrangement. These findings
imply that the river basin management approach can not be considered the best management approach for the arid transboundary
case at hand, and hence is not unequivocally universally applicable. 相似文献
176.
Charles R. Warren Carolyn Lumsden Simone O'Dowd Richard V. Birnie 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2005,48(6):853-875
The wind energy debate represents a new kind of environmental controversy which divides environmentalists of different persuasions who attach contrasting priority to global and local concerns. Case studies of public attitudes towards existing and proposed windfarm developments in Scotland and Ireland are used to test three counter-intuitive hypotheses derived from previous attitudinal research. These are: (a) that local people become more favourable towards windfarms after construction; (b) that the degree of acceptance increases with proximity to them; and (c) that the NIMBY syndrome(not-in-my-back-yard) does not adequately explain variations in public attitudes. All three hypotheses are supported by this study. Large majorities favour wind power development in principle and in (local) practice. Although some aspects of NIMBY attitudes exist, the surveys reveal an ‘inverse NIMBY’ syndrome, whereby those with windfarms in their ‘backyard’ strongly support the technology. The research endorses the view that aesthetic perceptions, both positive and negative, are the strongest single influence on individuals' attitudes towards wind power projects. Comparison of the current institutional factors driving wind energy development with those during earlier eras of hydro-power development and large-scale afforestation emphasizes the need for strategic planning guidance. The potential for using a planning-led approach to windfarm developments by adopting ‘Indicative Windfarm Strategies’ is discussed. 相似文献
177.
Simone Poddighe Teun Dekker Antonio Scala Anna Maria Angioy 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(9):827-835
The nasal botfly Oestrus ovis (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha: Oestridae) is a myiasis-causing insect species, which affects the health of sheep, goats and humans.
Gravid females are viviparous and larviposit into the animal’s nostrils. Host-searching and larvipositing flies are visually
guided and influenced by climatic conditions, whereas olfaction seemed to play no role in this process. However, here, we
show that the antennae of adult O. ovis female flies are relatively small but well developed and inhabited by several types of olfactory sensilla. Further, we show
that the antennal lobes of this species receive input from antennal afferents and consist of a clearly defined glomerular
organisation. We also give the first evidence of the fly’s ability to detect several synthetic odour compounds. Our findings
provide a morpho-functional basis for future investigations on olfactory-mediated behaviour of this insect pest. 相似文献
178.
179.
This paper describes the application of exergy and extended exergy analyses to large complex systems. The system to be analysed is assumed to be at steady state, and the input and output fluxes of matter and energy are expressed in units of exergy. Human societies of any reasonable extent are indeed Very Large Complex Systems and can be represented as interconnected networks of N elementary "components", their Subsystems; the detail of the disaggregation depends on the type and quality of the available data. The structural connectivity of the "model" of the System must correctly describe the interactions of each mass or energy flow with each sector of the society: since it is seldom the case that all of these fluxes are available in detail, some preliminary mass- and energy balances must be completed and constitute in fact a part of the initial assumptions. Exergy accounting converts the total amount of resources inflow into their equivalent exergetic form with the help of a table of "raw exergy data" available in the literature. The quantification of each flow on a homogeneous exergetic basis paves the way to the evaluation of the efficiency of each energy and mass transfer between the N sectors and makes it possible to quantify the irreversible losses and identify their sources. The advantage of the EEA, compared to a classical exergy accounting, is the inclusion in the system balance of the exergetic equivalents of three additional "Production Factors": human Labour, Capital and Environmental Remediation costs. EEA has an additional advantage: it allows for the calculation of the efficiency of the domestic sector (impossible to evaluate with any other energy- or exergy-based method) by considering the working hours as its product. As implied in the title, an application of the method was made to a model of the province of Siena (on a year 2000 database): the results show that the sectors of this Province have values of efficiency close to the Italian average, with the exception of the commercial and energy conversion sectors that are more efficient, in agreement with the rather peculiar socio-economic situation of the Province. The largest inefficiency is found to be in the transportation sector, which has an efficiency lower then 30% in EEA and lower than 10% in classical exergy accounting. 相似文献
180.
Mirna H. R. Seleghim Simone P. de Lira Patrícia T. Campana Roberto G. S. Berlinck Marcio R. Custódio 《Marine Biology》2007,150(5):967-975
Ascidians are a notable source of nitrogen-bearing secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. Although
many biologically active compounds have been isolated from ascidians, it is often unclear whether the animal or associated
microbial symbionts such as bacteria or fungi are the true biosynthetic source of the metabolites. We have addressed the question
of the biosynthetic source of the alkaloids granulatimide and isogranulatimides by localizing these compounds within the ascidian.
In this work, we demonstrate that granulatimide is stored in Didemnum
granulatum tunic bladder cells. Analysis by confocal fluorescence microscopy at the granulatimide emission range indicated the presence
of fluorescent cells as highly vacuolated cells found dispersed in the ascidian tunic. Since this is the most exposed ascidian
tissue, it is possible that these alkaloids may have a protective role, either as sunscreens and/or as feeding deterrents. 相似文献