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排序方式: 共有123条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
61.
Runoff from impervious land cover has a major impact on headwater tidal creek ecosystems resulting from ever increasing development along the coastline. Tidal creek habitats can serve as "early warning systems" for anthropogenic stressors due to their proximity to the uplands. In this study, the macrobenthic community was sampled along the longitudinal gradient of tidal creeks (i.e., first order, second order, and third order) in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia which varied in their levels of watershed development (salt marsh, forested, suburban, and urban). This study was designed to assess the condition of macrobenthic communities in tidal creek ecosystems under varying levels of anthropogenic stressors and test whether the conclusions of a previous study in South Carolina (Holland et al., J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 298:151-178, 2004) could be generalized to the southeastern USA. Metrics of community-level and species-specific response within tidal creeks draining watersheds of varying degrees of impervious cover suggest the macrobenthic community may be a useful indicator of development in tidal creeks ecosystems. The differences observed when data from all three states were pooled was consistent with previous findings in South Carolina tidal creeks which illustrates that macrobenthic communities in tidal creeks may react to watershed development in similar patterns along the southeastern coast of the USA. 相似文献
62.
DeVault TL Belant JL Blackwell BF Martin JA Schmidt JA Wes Burger L Patterson JW 《Environmental management》2012,49(3):517-522
Scaling up for alternative energy such as solar, wind, and biofuel raises a number of environmental issues, notably changes
in land use and adverse effects on wildlife. Airports offer one of the few land uses where reductions in wildlife abundance
and habitat quality are necessary and socially acceptable, due to risk of wildlife collisions with aircraft. There are several
uncertainties and limitations to establishing alternative energy production at airports, such as ensuring these facilities
do not create wildlife attractants or other hazards. However, with careful planning, locating alternative energy projects
at airports could help mitigate many of the challenges currently facing policy makers, developers, and conservationists. 相似文献
63.
Travis Ancelet Perry K. Davy William J. Trompetter Andreas Markwitz David C. Weatherburn 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(5):501-508
Particulate matter (PM) sources at four different monitoring sites in Alexandra, New Zealand, were investigated on an hourly timescale. Three of the sites were located on a horizontal transect, upwind, central, and downwind of the general katabatic flow pathway. The fourth monitoring site was located at the central site, but at a height of 26 m, using a knuckleboom, when wind conditions permitted. Average hourly PM10 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) concentrations in Alexandra showed slightly different diurnal profiles depending on the sampling site location. Each location did, however, feature a large evening peak and smaller morning peak in PM10 concentrations. The central site in Alexandra experienced the highest PM10 concentrations as a result of PM transport along a number of katabatic flow pathways. A significant difference in PM10 concentrations between the central and elevated sites indicated that a shallow inversion layer formed below the elevated site, limiting the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Four PM10 sources were identified at each of the sites: biomass combustion, vehicles, crustal matter, and marine aerosol. Biomass combustion was identified as the most significant source of PM10, contributing up to 91% of the measured PM10. Plots of the average hourly source contributions to each site revealed that biomass combustion was responsible for both the evening and morning peaks in PM10 concentrations observed at each of the sites, suggesting that Alexandra residents were relighting their fires when they rose in the morning. The identification of PM sources on an hourly timescale can have significant implications for air quality management.
Implications: Monitoring the sources of PM10 on an hourly timescale at multiple sites within an airshed provides extremely useful information for air quality management. Sources responsible for observed peaks in measured diurnal PM10 concentration profiles can be easily identified and targeted for reduction. Also, hourly PM10 sampling can provide crucial information on the role meteorology plays in the development of elevated PM10 concentrations. 相似文献
64.
Richard M. Engeman Travis Guerrant Glen Dunn Scott F. Beckerman Chris Anchor 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1592-1597
Overabundant white-tailed deer are one of the most serious threats to woodland plant communities in the Chicago area. Moreover, the abundant deer in a highly populated area causes economic harm and poses hazards to human safety through collisions with vehicles. The artificial conditions causing the overabundance and resulting consequences qualify the white-tailed deer in the Chicago area to be considered as “native invaders”. We examined the benefits of culling deer at a Chicago-area woodland preserve by comparing browse rates on four endangered plant species from years before culling began with years with culling. We also examined deer–vehicle collision and traffic flow rates on area roads from years before culling began and years with culling to assess whether population reductions may have benefited road safety in the area. All four endangered plant species (three orchid species and sweet fern) had lower browse rates in years with culls, although the decreased browsing rates were statistically distinguishable for only two of the species (grass pink orchid and sweet fern). After first verifying that traffic flow rates did not decrease from pre-cull years to years with culls, we analyzed the Illinois Department of Transportation data from area roads based on deer–vehicle collisions causing >US$500 in damage and showed a one-third reduction in deer–vehicle collisions. An economic analysis showed a cost savings during the cull years of US$0.6 million for reducing browsing to just these four monitored plant species and the reduction in deer–vehicle collisions. 相似文献
65.
In this study, we examined the differential thermal tolerance of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus early life history stages by comparing high temperature–induced mortality and the relative levels of the stress-induced gene,
hsp70, between S. purpuratus embryos and larvae from adults collected throughout the species range. There was no significant difference between gastrulae
and 4-arm plutei mortality from all sites examined. Furthermore, there was little variability in temperature tolerance across
the biogeographic range as southern gastrulae and 4-arm plutei exhibited similar tolerances to northern individuals. Relative
levels of hsp70 mRNA expression did not differ overall between the two developmental stages at each site. Across sites, all gastrulae and
4-arm plutei exhibited maximum hsp70 expression at approximately 25°C; however, the range of hsp70 expression was narrower in southern individuals, suggesting they are living closer to their upper thermal limit than northern
individuals. 相似文献
66.
Pyrolysis biochar systems for recovering biodegradable materials: A life cycle carbon assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A life cycle assessment (LCA) focused on biochar and bioenergy generation was performed for three thermal treatment configurations (slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and gasification). Ten UK biodegradable wastes or residues were considered as feedstocks in this study. Carbon (equivalent) abatement (CA) and electricity production indicators were calculated. Slow pyrolysis systems offer the best performance in terms of CA, with net results varying from 0.07 to 1.25tonnes of CO(2)eq.t(-1) of feedstock treated. On the other hand, gasification achieves the best electricity generation outputs, with results varying around 0.9MWhet(-1) of feedstock. Moreover, selection of a common waste treatment practice as the reference scenario in an LCA has to be undertaken carefully as this will have a key influence upon the CA performance of pyrolysis or gasification biochar systems (P/GBS). Results suggest that P/GBS could produce important environmental benefits in terms of CA, but several potential pollution issues arising from contaminants in the biochar have to be addressed before biochar and bioenergy production from biodegradable waste can become common practice. 相似文献
67.
Oleksyk TK Gashchak SP Glenn TC Jagoe CH Peles JD Purdue JR Tsyusk OV Zalissky OO Smith MH 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2002,61(1):55-74
We collected fish and mammals in several radioactively contaminated locations in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone and analyzed them for 137Cs content. Frequency distributions were built for populations of channel catfish, yellow-necked mice and bank voles. We combined our data with similar data from several other studies to demonstrate the relationship between the standard deviations and means of 137Cs of fish and mammal populations. The frequency distributions of 137Cs in populations of fish and mammals are not normal, as indicated by the strong relationship between standard deviation and mean. Distributions for mammals are more skewed than those for fish. Fish and mammals probably use their environments in fundamentally different ways. The highest concentrations and thus greatest risks are therefore confined to relatively few individuals in each population. 相似文献
68.
Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during feedlot manure composting reduces the agronomic value of the final compost and increases the greenhouse effect. A study was conducted to determine whether GHG emissions are affected by composting method. Feedlot cattle manure was composted with two aeration methods--passive (no turning) and active (turned six times). Carbon lost in the forms of CO2 and CH4 was 73.8 and 6.3 kg C Mg-1 manure for the passive aeration treatment and 168.0 and 8.1 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active treatment. The N loss in the form of N2O was 0.11 and 0.19 kg N Mg-1 manure for the passive and active treatments. Fuel consumption to turn and maintain the windrow added a further 4.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active aeration treatment. Since CH4 and N2O are 21 and 310 times more harmful than CO2 in their global warming effect, the total GHG emission expressed as CO2-C equivalent was 240.2 and 401.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for passive and active aeration. The lower emission associated with the passive treatment was mainly due to the incomplete decomposition of manure and a lower gas diffusion rate. In addition, turning affected N transformation and transport in the window profile, which contributed to higher N2O emissions for the active aeration treatment. Gas diffusion is an important factor controlling GHG emissions. Higher GHG concentrations in compost windrows do not necessarily mean higher production or emission rates. 相似文献
69.
Travis M. McGuire Charles J. Newell Brian B. Looney Karen M. Vangelas Claire H. Sink 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2004,15(1):99-112
A survey of experts in the application of natural attenuation was conducted to better understand how monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is being applied at chlorinated solvent sites. Thirty‐four remediation professionals provided general information for 191 sites where MNA was evaluated, and site‐specific data for 45 chlorinated solvent plumes being remediated by MNA. Respondents indicated that MNA was precluded as a remedy at only 23 percent of all sites where evaluated as a remedial option. Leading factors excluding MNA as a remedial approach were the presence of an expanding plume and an unreasonably long estimated remediation time frame. MNA is being used as the sole remedy at about 30 percent of the sites, and 33 percent are implementing MNA in conjunction with source zone remediation. The remaining sites are implementing MNA with plume remediation (13 percent), source containment (9 percent), or some other strategy (16 percent). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
70.
'People, planet and prosperity': The determinants of humanity's environmental footprint 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Geoffrey P. Hammond 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(1):27-36
Environmental or ‘ecological’ footprints have been widely used in recent years as indicators of resource consumption and waste absorption on the basis of biologically productive land area required per capita with prevailing technology. Such footprints represent a partial measure of the extent to which the planet, its regions, or nations are moving along a sustainable development pathway. They vary between countries at different stages of economic development and varying geographic characteristics. The determinants of environmental footprints in some 113 countries from around the world have been evaluated. Dimensional analysis techniques from engineering and the physical sciences are employed to determine the relative significance of population density, economic wealth, and intensity of pollutant emission. Variations about the resulting ‘power‐law’ correlation suggest the extent to which individual nations are currently frugal or profligate in terms of their resource use and environmental impacts. The scatter associated with footprints, or closely related parameters, also indicates the uncertainty inherent within the international datasets needed to compute them, as well as differences in local climate and terrain. Nevertheless, national footprints alert humanity to the necessity of living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere in order to ensure ‘environmental sustainability’. 相似文献