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51.
Nadeem Ali Khurram Shahzad Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid Heqing Shen Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(23):18721-18741
This review summarizes the environmental occurrence of new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate compounds (OPs) in the environment of developing countries since 2000. The ban on the production and use of commercial formulations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have paved the way for the high use of NBFRs and OPs in consumer products to fulfill the fire safety regulations. Recent studies have shown that the ever increasing production volumes and extensive use of these chemicals as additive FRs and plasticizers have resulted into their ubiquitous occurrence in all environmental compartments. Although presumed to be safe for use and the environment, recent studies on their occurrence and persistence in the environment have raised questions. Due to the lack of awareness, research interest, and availability of technical facilities, limited scientific data is available on the occurrence of these chemicals in developing countries. In this study, we collected reported data and provide an overview of environmental occurrence of NBFRs and OPs in abiotic and biotic matrices of different developing countries. Finally, research gaps were identified with recommendations for future research work and would be useful towards the environmental management of these toxic chemicals. 相似文献
52.
Kamal A. Rashid C.D. Ercegovich Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):95-110
Abstract The mutagenic activity of chlordimeform and two of its breakdown products, 4‐chloro‐o‐toludine and 4‐chloro‐N‐formyl‐o‐toluidine were determined with five histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100) and five tryptophan dependent strains of E. coli WP2. (WP2, WP2uvrA, WP67, CM611, CM571) with and without rat liver microsomal enzymes. 4‐chloro‐o‐toluidine increased the number of the reversions of the S. typhimurium strain TA1535 more than two fold over spontaneous at the concentration of 400 μg/plate. The results of the DNA repair tests in the Salmonella TA1538/TA1978 and E. coli multirepair deficient systems showed that both breakdown products were active in inducing damage not repaired in at least one repair deficient strain while chlordimeform itself was inactive. 相似文献
53.
Mengran Yang Jingjing Zhang Jing Zhang Muhammad Rashid 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(9):615-621
ABSTRACTFungicide pyraclostrobin has been widely employed to control plant diseases by inhibiting the mitochondrial respiration of pathogenic fungi. Due to its broad spectrum, the extensive use of pyraclorstrobin was reported to cause emerging resistance on crops. Here, we evaluated the control effect of 250 g L?1 of pyrachlostrobin suspension concentrate (SC) against freckle disease (caused by Phyllosticta spp) on banana. Meanwhile, the dissipation and residue dynamics of pyraclostrobin in banana and soil under field conditions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with DAD detection in different locations. The analytical method was validated using spiked samples at three levels, which indicated the recoveries ranged from 92.0% to 99.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 5%, providing a sensitive, precise and reliable method to monitor pyraclostrobin in banana fruit and soil. The dissipation of pyraclostrobine followed the first-order kinetics and its half-lives were 5.25 to 9.90 days. In addition, the terminal residues of pyraclostrobin in banana, banana sarcocarp and soil were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.02 mg kg?1) after a pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 42 days, which suggesting that the use of pyraclostrobin at recommended dosages was safe to banana and the environment. In summary, we demonstrated the integrated evaluation on the disease control capacity of pyraclostrobin and its environmental behavior on banana, aiming to provide solid and basic data for the safe use of fungicide pyraclostrobin. 相似文献
54.
Sheng Fulai Gary Flomenhoft Timothy J. Downs MaÁngeles Grande‐Ortiz Dana Graef Bert Scholtens Arthur P.J. Mol David A. Sonnenfeld Gert Spaargaren Rajeev K. Goel Edward W.T. Hsieh Serban Scrieciu Reinhard Steurer Christine Polzin Genia Kostka Tiho Ancev Elke Pirgmaier Frank Boons Karl‐Henrik Robèrt Christopher Bryant Ke Zhou Surya Raj Acharya David Huberman Denis J. Sonwa Michelle Mycoo Dabo Guan Klaus Hubacek U. Rashid Sumaila Hector G. Lopez‐Ruiz G. Jason Jolley Michael L. Dougherty André Francisco Pilon Ravi Prakash Tulus Tambunan Sebastian Hermann 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(1):63-72
55.
Ali Nadeem Eqani Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Nazar Ehtisham Alhakamy Nabil A. Rashid Muhammad Imtiaz Shahzad Khurram Zeb Jahan Shen Heqing Ismail Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Albar Hussain Mohammed Salem Ali 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(11):13288-13299
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the present study, occurrence of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) is reported in rural and urban household dust (floor and AC filter dust) of the Kingdom... 相似文献
56.
The present study has been carried out to assess groundwater quality in parts of Hindon–Yamuna interfluve region of western
Uttar Pradesh. Fifty-five groundwater samples were collected from hand pumps in post-monsoon 2005 and pre-monsoon 2006 period,
respectively, covering an area of about 1,345 km2. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid, Na, K, Ca, Mg,
HCO3, Cl, and SO4 were determined. Concentration of the chemical constituents in groundwater of the study area varies spatially and temporarily.
Interpretation of analytical data of major ion chemistry helps to identify three chemical types of groundwater i.e. ‘mixed’,
‘mixed bicarbonate’ and ‘alkali bicarbonate’ types. The species likely to occur in groundwater of the study area are Ca-HCO3, Mg-HCO3, Ca-SO4, Na-Cl, Na-SO4, Na-HCO3, K-Cl, and some other possible species of K, depending on its abundance. The groundwater of the study area comes under the
category of moderately hard to very hard, mildly acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. There is anomalously high concentration
of major ions, particularly, Na, K, SO4, and Cl. High SO4 and K values may be related to anthropogenic influences, rather than through some natural process. Sodium along with Cl may
be added to the system through sewage pollution and leachate percolation. 相似文献
57.
bin Mohamed Rashid Mohamad Rohaidzat Mijarsh Mustafa Juma A. Seli Hazman Johari Megat Azmi Megat Ahmad Zainal Arifin 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(2):1090-1098
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study focuses on the potential usage of sago pith waste ash (SPWA) obtained from sago pith waste (SPW) calcined from 500 to... 相似文献
58.
Muhammad Awais Aftab Wajid Muhammad Usman Bashir Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza Ashfaq Ahmad Muhammad Farrukh Saleem Hafiz Mohkum Hammad Muhammad Mubeen Umer Saeed Muhammad Naveed Arshad Shah Fahad Wajid Nasim 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(21):17511-17525
The combination of nitrogen and plant population expresses the spatial distribution of crop plants. The spatial distribution influences canopy structure and development, radiation capture, accumulated intercepted radiation (Sa), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and subsequently dry matter production. We hypothesized that the sunflower crop at higher plant populations and nitrogen (N) rates would achieve early canopy cover, capture more radiant energy, utilize radiation energy more efficiently, and ultimately increase economic yield. To investigate the above hypothesis, we examined the influences of leaf area index (LAI) at different plant populations (83,333, 66,666, and 55,555 plants ha?1) and N rates (90, 120, and 150 kg ha?1) on radiation interception (Fi), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) accumulation (Sa), total dry matter (TDM), achene yield (AY), and RUE of sunflower. The experimental work was conducted during 2012 and 2013 on sandy loam soil in Punjab, Pakistan. The sunflower crop captured more than 96% of incident radiant energy (mean of all treatments), 98% with a higher plant population (83,333 plants ha?1), and 97% with higher N application (150 kg ha?1) at the fifth harvest (60 days after sowing) during both study years. The plant population of 83,333 plants ha?1 with 150 kg N ha?1 ominously promoted crop, RUE, and finally productivity of sunflower (AY and TDM). Sunflower canopy (LAI) showed a very close and strong association with Fi (R 2 = 0.99 in both years), PAR (R 2 = 0.74 and 0.79 in 2012 and 2013, respectively), TDM (R 2 = 0.97 in 2012 and 0.91 in 2013), AY (R 2 = 0.95 in both years), RUE for TDM (RUETDM) (R 2 = 0.63 and 0.71 in 2012 and 2013, respectively), and RUE for AY (RUEAY) (R 2 = 0.88 and 0.87 in 2012 and 2013, respectively). Similarly, AY (R 2 = 0.73 in 2012 and 0.79 in 2013) and TDM (R 2 = 0.75 in 2012 and 0.84 in 2013) indicated significant dependence on PAR accumulation of sunflower. High temperature during the flowering stage in 2013 shortened the crop maturity duration, which reduced the LAI, leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), TDM, AY, Fi, Sa, and RUE of sunflower. Our results clearly revealed that RUE was enhanced as plant population and N application rates were increased and biomass assimilation in semi-arid environments varied with radiation capture capacity of sunflower. 相似文献
59.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, and inoculation effectiveness on Phragmites japonica. Spores of AMF strains (Gigaspora margarita Becker &; Hall) were collected from the commercial product ‘Serakinkon’. Four treatments, namely, natural soil (NS), natural soil inoculated by AM fungi, sterilised soil (SS) inoculated by AM fungi, and SS without AM fungi inoculation were selected to determine the effects of applied and indigenous AMF on P. japonica. The average colonisation level of P. japonica was 24–33%, whereas no colonisation was found in the SS. AMF colonisation increased the chlorophyll content (r?=?0.84, p?.01), plant dry mass (r?=?0.89, p?.01), and N, P, K, Mg, and Fe concentration of the plant's roots, stems, and leaves when AMF was applied with natural and SS. In all cases, maximum values were found when the plants were applied with NS in combination with AMF, but Ca concentration decreased as the colonisation level increased. Mn concentration decreased in the roots, but increased in the leaves. Cu concentration was not significantly affected by treatments. N-loss minimisation from the soil was significant when the colonisation level was high. 相似文献
60.
Twenty-six pesticides and pesticide degradation products were screened (125 micrograms - 2000 micrograms) for their ability to induce unrepairable damage to bacterial DNA. Three repair test systems were utilized in this study, the Salmonella typhimurium (TA1538/TA1978), the E. coli K-12 (Pol A1+/Pol1-) and the E. coli WP2 (WP2, WP2uvrA, WP67, CM611 and CM571). Aldicarb (1000 micrograms), benomyl (250 micrograms), 2-aminobenzimidazole (2000 micrograms), captan (125 micrograms), fenazalor (500 micrograms), 5,6-dichloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (NC-2983) (250 micrograms), isothymol (250 micrograms), maleic hydrazide (1000 micrograms), pentachloronitrobenzene (1000 micrograms) were DNA-damaging to one or more bacterial test systems. Isothymol and NC-2983 affected all three test systems. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, some being recognized as carcinogens, did not produce a zone of inhibition in any of the tester strains possibly due to their poor solubility and diffusion in the agar overlay. It was concluded that these tests can be performed along with bacterial reversion tests to complement each other as short-term screening tests for potential carcinogens and mutagens. 相似文献