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排序方式: 共有169条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Stephenson MT Witte K Vaught C Quick BL Booth-Butterfield S Patel D Zuckerman C 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(1):9-17
INTRODUCTION: This longitudinal field study was designed to encourage Appalachian coal miners in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to engage in hearing-protection behaviors. METHOD: Participants were mailed postcards that featured either a positive, negative, or neutral message on the outside of the postcard and a message encouraging hearing protection behaviors on the inside. The first posttest measurement of the effectiveness of the persuasive messages was conducted about a week after the postcards were mailed. The delayed posttest measurement was conducted six weeks later. RESULTS: Responses from 307 coal miners revealed that the positive or neutral messages generated significantly more self-reported hearing protection behaviors than the negative message. Identical results were obtained in a delayed posttest assessment of miners' self-reported hearing protection behaviors. The positive message was also more effective than either the neutral or negative message in preventing defensive mechanisms from emerging over time. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Positive and neutral messages were convincingly more successful than negative messages in facilitating self-reported hearing protection behaviors among coal miners. Similarly, the positive messages kept defensive processes at bay. 相似文献
42.
Surendra J. Patel 《Resources Policy》1978,4(2):126-134
This paper reviews the broad pattern of energy use, output and consumption. The voracious consumption of non-renewable energy resources by the developed countries could exhaust this asset just when the accelerated development of the Third World would begin to gather momentum, thus denying them for their own use what is primarily their major resource. The paper underlines the critical importance of cooperative policies aimed at collective self-reliance of the Third World to ensure adequate availability of energy for its development. 相似文献
43.
The lysosomal marker enzymes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase, in a tropical burrowing arcid clam Anadara granosa L. have been found to exhibit seasonal variations. The activity of both enzymes decreased with increase in ambient temperature and fell with increase in salinity. Lysosomal latency for these enzymes, however, was not significantly affected by environmental parameters, including salinity, temperature, nutritional status, breeding season, etc. The physico-chemical characteristics of the habitat were found to induce reversible changes in the lysosomal latency and enzyme activity. Exposure to elevated temperature (T=7° to 8°C), towards the upper limit of its physiological tolerance, was found to labilize the lysosomes. The biochemical methods optimized for the demonstration of lysosomal stability under exposure to environmental stressors could also be extended to quantify the impact of various pollutants, including heavy metals, radionuclides, etc. at the subcellular level. 相似文献
44.
Changes in vital physiological activities — shell movements and burrowing behaviour, uptake and depuration, filtration and respiration — on exposure to sublethal concentrations of naphthalene (Nap) were investigated in the tropical arcid blood clam Anadara granosa L. from the Bombay coast in 1986. On exposure to ambient concentrations exceeding 5g Nap ml-1, shell valves opened widely within the first hour of exposure. The compressed muscular foot was stretched vertically upwards with copious secretion of mucus, and did not exhibit any evidence of burrowing behaviour. Those exposed to 5g Nap ml-1 regained their normal physiological activities on transfer to stressor-free medium, whereas those exposed to higher levels became intoxicated and narcotized. Bioaccumulation of Nap was dependent upon environmental concentration, increasing exponentially with time over a 9h exposure period. Further exposure, up to 96h, however, did not increase tissue levels substantially. About 65% of the total body burden of Nap was depurated within 3h of transfer to Nap-free medium. Rates of filtration and oxygen consumption were significantly reduced (ca 70%, p<0.001) compared to control clams. Percent inhibition in these physiological activities was dependent upon tissue and ambient concentrations of Nap. On transfer to pollutant-free medium, clams exhibited remarkable recovery. Rates of both filtration and oxygen consumption were gradually increased and restored to normal levels, as observed in controls. However, clams exposed to upper limits lost their ability to burrow back into the sedimentary bed, leaving them susceptable to predators. Furthermore, induction of anaerobiosis and disruption of osmotic balance on exposure to Nap together with aerial exposure at low-water periods and salinity changes, acted synergistically and proved detrimental. The rates of growth and mortality observed in the natural population of blood clams, harvested from the coastal waters off Bombay, have been explained in terms of the impact of petroleum and allied waste products released from petrochemical industries. 相似文献
45.
In vertebrates haematological parameters are of considerable importance in the diagnosis of pathological disorders due to pollutants. Similar haematological studies in invertebrates are lacking. This is partly because a very few species have erythrocytes; arcid clams, however, are unique in having erythrocytes. Our experiments were designed therefore to evaluate the effect of naphthalene (N) on haematological parameters in the tropical arcid blood clam Anadara granosa L. The parameter studied were haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haematocrit, erythrocyte fragility, haemolymph cations, free amino acids and osmolality. On exposure to naphthalene (N) in the sublethal range (5 to 15 g ml-1) Hb content decreased appreciably (P<0.001) compared with controls. Although ESR increased significantly (P<0.001), haematocrit decreased by 17 to 37%. Treatment with N for 96 h increased erythrocyte fragility and haemolysis; the latter by more than 40%. Both inorganic phosphate and free fatty acids increased with ambient concentration of N. Haemolymph cations — K, Ca and Mg increased significantly in relation to control. Na decreased, but not significantly. Free amino acids decreased significantly (P<0.001) with the ambient concentration of naphthalene, but haemolymph osmolality was not effected. 相似文献
46.
Decentralised composting of urban waste--an overview of community and private initiatives in Indian cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zurbrügg C Drescher S Patel A Sharatchandra HC 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2004,24(7):655-662
The national waste legislation, introduced in India in 2000, endorses the principle of "Recycle Before Disposal" and clearly stipulates composting as an option for organic waste treatment. It also recommends waste separation as prerequisite for treatment. Although various composting schemes of different scale, type and organisational structure currently exist in the country, a general overview is lacking and very little independent site-specific information is available. This paper presents the results of a study assessing 17 decentralised systems from the cities of Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, and Mumbai. The schemes were classified according to their organisational setup into: (1) citizens' and community initiatives; (2) business and institution initiatives operating on their premises; and (3) small and medium-size private sector initiatives. These categories also coincide with different operational scales. Community initiatives have developed from unreliable collection services, and composting emerged mainly as a spin-off activity from the collection system to reduce waste delivery to the communal containers emptied by the municipal services. The potential to launch and sustain decentralised composting schemes is dependent on the municipal provision of adequate space. This paper summarises further key issues pertaining to the assessed schemes and reveals overall deficiencies in the field of accounting and transparency, composting technique and marketing, as well as municipal authority involvement. 相似文献
47.
Selegean JP Kusserow R Patel R Heidtke TM Ram JL 《Journal of environmental quality》2001,30(1):171-179
Use of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as an indicator of previously elevated bacteria concentrations in a watershed was examined. The ability of the zebra mussel to accumulate and purge Escherichia coli over several days was investigated in both laboratory and field experiments. In laboratory experiments, periodic enumeration of E. coli in mussels that had been exposed to a dilute solution of raw sewage demonstrated that (i) maximum concentrations of E. coli are reached within a few hours of exposure to sewage, (ii) the tissue concentration attained is higher than the concentration in the ambient water, and (iii) the E. coli concentrations take several days to return to preexposure concentrations when mussels are subsequently placed in sterile water. In field experiments conducted in southeast Michigan in the Clinton River watershed, brief increases in E. coli concentrations in the water were accompanied by increases in mussel concentrations of E. coli that lasted 2 or 3 d. The ability of mussels to retain and to concentrate E. coli made it possible to detect E. coli in the environment under conditions that conventional monitoring may often miss. Sampling caged mussels in a river and its tributaries may enable watershed managers to reduce the sampling frequency normally required to identify critical E. coli sources, thereby providing a more cost-effective river monitoring strategy for bacterial contamination. 相似文献
48.
C.J. EnnisK.K. Botros C. Patel 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(1):111-121
Shell-tube type heat exchangers are often used to exchange heat between a high-pressure fluid and a low-pressure fluid. The pressure difference between these two fluids could be significantly high. In the event of a partial or full rupture of a tube, a problem may arise in that a transient pressure rise phenomenon could occur due to the flashing of the high-pressure sub-cooled fluid in the tube into the low-pressure shell, which may cause the shell to rupture with subsequent damage to equipment. This paper presents a dynamic model to describe the transient phenomenon occurring on the shell side following various scenarios of tube rupture. The spatial and temporal aspects of the flow transients along the pressure safety valve riser are accounted for by solving the one-dimensional continuity and momentum hyperbolic partial differential equations as applied to the liquid-filled riser. The dynamics of the attached piping system are also accounted for via two mechanistic models; the first is based on an inertial-resistive assumption of the fluids in this system, while the other is based on the assumption of anechoic perturbations passing through a long section of the attached piping. The latter is justified in cases where the attached piping is long enough such that reflections from the downstream end do not interfere with transients occurring in the shell during the initial phase of fluid flashing into the shell side following rupture. The various phases of this phenomenon are described, however the paper focuses on the initial phase of the phenomenon during which shell overpressure may be encountered. The model is applied to two ethylene heaters in tandem; the first uses propylene on the shell side to heat the ethylene on the tube side, while the second uses methanol, also on the shell side. The ratio between the shell design pressure to the tube design pressure in these two heaters are 0.169 and 0.154, respectively, hence the motivation to accurately model the transients involved in this phenomenon. The practical aspects and discussion around techniques to alleviate potential overpressure scenarios due to tube rupture are emphasized throughout the paper. 相似文献
49.
Ingrid Christine Koch Coleen Vogel Zarina Patel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1323-1339
Climate change is a multi-dimensional issue and in terms of adaptation numerous state and non-state actors are involved from
global to national and local scales. The aim of this paper is first to analyse specific institutional networks involved in
climate change predominantly at the national level in South Africa and second to determine how different stakeholders perceive
their role vis-a-vis climate change adaptation. Within the South African context there is a gap in understanding and evaluating
how institutional networks operate and thus the findings of this work may help inform and strengthen such relationships in
the future. Results showed that few institutions fully understand the implications of adaptation and their roles and responsibilities
have not yet been properly defined. Constraints relating to capacity, lack of awareness and poor information flow need to
be addressed. Climate change is perceived as an important issue although problems such as poverty reduction and job creation
remain national priorities. Most importantly this research has demonstrated how adaptation challenges the hierarchical manner
in which government works and a more collaborative approach to climate change adaptation is needed. Adaptation needs to be
mainstreamed and institutional networks need to be strengthened in order for adaptation mechanisms to be effectively implemented.
相似文献
Ingrid Christine KochEmail: |
50.
Tripathi Rahul Gupta Rohan Sahu Mehar Srivastava Devesh Das Ankita Ambasta Rashmi K Kumar Pravir 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(41):62160-62207
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement... 相似文献