利用大型土柱自然淋溶条件下研究土壤重金属的迁移及形态转化

为研究不同重金属在土壤中的迁移和形态转化,通过分层填装土柱,在土柱0~5 cm深度范围内添加Pb、Ag、Bi、In、Sb和Sn等重金属污染土壤,并在自然条件下淋溶4 a,分析各重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的迁移速率及其形态组成. 结果表明:①在>30 cm深度范围内,红壤、潮土和黑土中各重金属质量分数与其相应本底值相比变化不大;与试验前土壤相比,砂土整个剖面中6种重金属质量分数均较高. ②6种重金属在4种土壤中的残留率表现为砂土<潮土<黑土<红壤;对于0～10 cm土壤中Pb的残留率,在潮土中大于Ag和Sb,在黑土中大于Ag,在红壤中大于In,在砂土中则大于Sn. ③模拟试验后残留在土柱中的重金属主要分布在土壤表层(0～30 cm),而深层(>30 cm)较少;6种重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的残留率平均值分别为98.0%、65.1%、65.9%和56.5%. ④与添加污染土壤之前相比,试验后土壤中残渣态等稳定形态重金属质量分数较低,其中Pb、In和Sb均以碳酸盐结合态和有机金属络合态为主,Ag和Sn分别以有机金属络合态、双氧水可提取有机结合态和有机金属络合态、无定形铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而Bi则以碳酸盐结合态和双氧水可提取有机结合态为主. 结果显示,红壤中Pb的迁移风险较低,潮土和黑土中Ag、Sb的迁移风险较高,而砂土中Sn和Sb的迁移风险需要格外关注.      

Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain.     

Formation pathways of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in sediments contaminated with PCBs during the thermal desorption process

Thermal desorption has attracted considerable interest as a remediation technology for the removal of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from contaminated soils and sediments. Although several research groups have confirmed that polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are formed from PCBs during the thermal desorption of sediments contaminated with PCB, the formation pathways remain poorly understood. Herein, thermal desorption has been used to develop a greater understanding of the formation pathways of PCDFs from sediments contaminated with PCBs. PCB decomposition experiments of sediments contaminated with PCBs were performed over 5 min at 450 °C with a gas composition of 10% O(2)/90% N(2), either in the absence (Run 1) or presence (Run 2-4) of one of three different (13)C(12)-labeled PCB individual standards. The results of Run 1 showed that 99.96% of PCBs and 98.40% of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in the treated sediments had decomposed, whereas the concentration levels of PCDFs had increased by a factor of 31. The addition of different (13)C(12)-labeled PCBs to the sediment sample yielded different (13)C(12)-PCDFs isomer patterns, with formation pathways including loss of ortho-Cl(2), loss of HCl involving a 2,3-chlorine shift, loss of ortho-H(2) and dechlorination.     

Electrogeneration of H(2) for Pd-catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in groundwater

A novel electrolytic groundwater remediation process, which used the H₂ continuously generated at cathode to achieve in situ catalytic hydrodechlorination, was developed for the treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in groundwater. Catalytic hydrodechlorination using Pd supported on bamboo charcoal and external H₂ showed that 2,4-DCP was completely dechlorinated to phenol within 30 min at pH ? 5.5. In a divided electrolytic system, the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-DCP in cathodic compartment by H₂ generated at the cathode under 20 and 50 mA reached 100% at 120 and 60 min, respectively. Two column experiments with influent pHs of 5.5 (unconditioned) and 2 were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this process. The 2,4-DCP removal efficiencies were about 63% and nearly 100% at influent pHs of 5.5 and 2, respectively. Phenol was solely produced by 2,4-DCP hydrodechlorination, and was subsequently degraded at the anode. A low pH could enhance the hydrodechlorination, but was not necessarily required. This study provides the preliminary results of a novel effective electrolytic process for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated aromatics.     

Dioxin-like activity in environmental and human samples from Greenland and Denmark

Dioxins and dioxin-like (DL) compounds are some of the most toxic chemicals being highly persistent in the environment. The toxicological effects of dioxins are mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Compounds of diverse structure and lipophility can bind and activate AhR. The AhR transactivation bioassay is utilized in an array of projects to study the AhR-mediated activities of individual chemicals and mixtures and for epidemiological purposes.This review summarizes a series of studies regarding the DL-activity of single compounds and complex compound mixtures in the environment and humans.We found that some pesticides, plasticizers and phytoestrogens can activate the AhR, and the combined effect of compounds with no or weak AhR potency cannot be ignored.The significant DL-activity in the wastewater effluent indicates the treatment is not sufficient to prevent contamination of surface waters with dioxins. Our results from human studies suggest that the serum DL-activity reflect the complex mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Greenlandic Inuit had lower serum DL-activity level compared to Europeans, probably due to long distance from the dioxin sources and UV degradation of the high potent dioxin and/or the inhibitory effect of the high level of non-DL POPs. Selective bioaccumulation of PCBs in the food chain may contribute to the negative correlation between serum POPs and DL-activity observed in Greenlandic Inuit.Hence the AhR transactivation bioassay provides a cost-effective and integrated screening tool for measurement of the DL-activity in human, environmental and commercial samples.     

以羟胺为底物的自养脱氮微量热研究

羟胺（NH₂OH）是单级自养脱氮系统物质转化的重要中间产物。从稳定运行（氨氮去除率维持90%以上,总氮去除率维持在80%以上）的单级自养脱氮工艺（SBBR）取活性污泥放入量热池,加入不同浓度N-NH₂OH（40～200 mg/L）进行量热实验研究。结果表明,用Boltzmann模型可以很好地表达量热值与NH₂OH浓度的关系,超过一定浓度的羟胺会抑制微生物活性,自营养脱氮过程的产热增量降低。     

The development of a prototype behavioral marker system for US Navy officers of the deck

The officer of the deck (OOD) of a US Navy ship is in charge of the safe and proper operation of the ship, and accountable to the commanding officer for every event that occurs during his or her OOD watch. This paper discusses the development of a prototype behavioral marker system to evaluate, and provide feedback on, the nontechnical (cognitive, social, and personal resource) skills of OODs.An initial set of 17 categories of nontechnical skills were identified from a literature review. A focus group with four qualified OODs used the skills identified from the literature review to develop an initial taxonomy of five categories, each with two or three corresponding behavioral elements. This taxonomy was then used to classify 149 statements concerned with the nontechnical skills of OODs collected from 16 critical incident interviews. After three iterations of adaptations to the taxonomy, two independent raters were able to reach acceptable levels of reliability in using the taxonomy to classify the statements. Although further development work is required, it is suggested that the prototype behavioral marker system has implications for improving safety and performance on military and civilian ships.     

Non-aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments near the Pearl River estuary in the South China Sea

Surface sediment samples at 4 sites along an offshore transect from outer continental shelf off the Pearl River estuary to the shelf slope region of the northern South China Sea, have been analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), solvent extractable organic matter (EOM) and non-aromatic hydrocarbons. TOC, TN and EOM show distinct spatial variations. Their highest values are all recorded at the shelf slope region. EOM varies from 18.70-38.58 microgg(-1) dry sediment and accounts for 0.20-0.72% of the TOC contents. The non-aromatic hydrocarbons are an important fraction of EOM. Their contents range from 3.43-7.06 microgg(-1) dry sediment. n-Alkanes with carbon number ranging from 15-38 are identified. They derive from both biogenic and petrogenic sources in different proportions. Results of isoprenoid hydrocarbons, hopanes and steranes also suggest possible petroleum contamination.     

污水厂Carrousel氧化沟溶解氧和速度分布的研究

对长沙某污水处理厂的Carrousel氧化沟进行现场测试，获得不同截面的溶解氧和速度的数据，探讨了表曝机台数、沟深、沟的长宽比、进出水位置对溶解氧和速度的影响。初步掌握了该Carrousel氧化沟内溶解氧和速度的变化规律，认为通过调节倒伞形表面曝气机，可以在沟内不同区段创造好氧与缺氧的环境，为最终实现同步硝化反硝化的高效运行做准备。