典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.     

武汉东湖水生植被重建及水质改善试验研究

普遍存在的水体富营养化及水生植被衰退引起水生态系统崩溃和水质恶化,受损湖泊进行水生植被(特别是沉水植被)的修复/重建被认为是改善湖泊水质和湖泊生态恢复的重要手段。研究在严重富营养化的东湖水果湖边建立的围隔中开展,采用多种措施对围隔的底质和水质进行适当改善,依据自然湖泊中水生植被分布和植物种类组成的特点,选用14种常见的土著水生植物在该区进行移栽与群落构建。经过水生植被的重建,所移栽的14种水生植物全部存活,并建立起相对稳定的植被群落,而且经过随后4个月的水质监测,发现植被重建后围隔内的水质得到显著改善,尤其是水的色度、透明度和叶绿素含量改善最为明显,与围隔外(即东湖I站)相比,围隔内除NO3-外湖水中的各种营养盐含量以及底泥中TP的含量都不同程度的降低,其中以TPW降幅最大;PCA分析发现构建的植物群落结构主要受水体的TPW、氨氮浓度、电导率、水下消光系数以及底泥的TPS影响;pH、COND、ORP、TPs、DO、碱度、Kd、PO43-、NO3-、TPW和DIC这些主要的环境梯度对构建的水生植物群落中各层片上的各种优势物种体内TN、TP含量影响最大。总而言之,本研究实现了水体从"浊水态"向"清水态"的快速转换。这一结果表明在富营养湖泊中通过建立围隔,采用"化整为零"的策略逐步恢复水生植被是一个可行方案。此外,增加水生植物物种多样性可以增加植被恢复的成效。     

博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年生态健康状况评价

为支撑博斯腾湖未来保护工作,需认知博斯腾湖近20年的生态健康状况,在对博斯腾湖大湖湖区水质状况调查基础上,适当选取系统评价指标,以1991年水质指标为本底值,运用熵权法建立湖泊生态健康评价模型,计算生态系统健康综合指数,并对博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年来的健康状况进行评价.结果表明,1997、1998及2005年的水体综合状况略好于其他年份,属较好水平;而1992、1993、2003及2008年的水体综合状况则低于其他年份,属较差水平.     

洱海常见沉水植物磷含量的种间差异及季节性变化特征

P是湖泊生态系统中很重要的生命元素,水生植物对于湖泊中P的生物化学循环至关重要. 通过分析不同季节下洱海7种常见的沉水植物地上部分w(P),研究了洱海常见沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异及季节性变化特征. 结果表明:洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)总体呈正态分布,平均值为2.64 mg/g,范围为0.90~6.79 mg/g. 沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异和季节差异显著,其中7种沉水植物地上部分w(P)平均值为苦草(3.32 mg/g)>轮叶黑藻(2.88 mg/g)>金鱼藻(2.72 mg/g)>微齿眼子菜(2.53 mg/g)>穗花狐尾藻(2.39 mg/g)>篦齿眼子菜(2.34 mg/g)>马来眼子菜(2.27 mg/g);季节间表现为春季(3.46 mg/g)>夏季(3.05 mg/g)>冬季(2.20 mg/g)>秋季(1.98 mg/g). 环境中w(P)、叶与茎生物量比值和生活史特征可能是决定植物地上部分w(P)的重要因素. 此外,由于环境中有效P含量较低,洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)低于长江中下游湖泊.      

Epipelagic mesozooplankton succession and community structure over a marine ouffall area in the northeastern South China Sea

This study analyses distribution and abundance patterns of mesozooplankton communities at 13 stations in the coastal waters over a marine outfall area in the northeastern South China Sea. Cruises were conducted in March, June and September 2002, and plankton samples were collected with a 333 microm North Pacific net. The Mesozooplankton was dominated by calanoid Copepods, Cladocera, Chaetognatha and Pteropoda. Stations located near the entrance of the harbor provided a relatively higher abundance of Noctilucales and Radiolarians. In total, 20 zooplankton groups were identified in which, Calanoida, Cladocera, Chaetognatha, Pteropoda, Poecilostomatoida and Appendicularia comprised 92.77% of the total zooplankton abundance. Copepoda dominated in all three cruises, comprising 65.32% of the total mesozooplankton abundance. Samples collected in June recorded higher mesozooplankton abundance than March and September samples. Onshore stations recorded higher BOD values, higher abundance of Noctilucales and Radiolarians and a relativelylower abundance of the overall mesozooplankton. Total mesozooplankton abundance did not correlate significantly with temperature, pH, or dissolved oxygen, but correlated negatively with BOD.     

Towards a more effective EIA in transport planning: a literature review to derive interventions and mechanisms to improve knowledge integration

A set of process-related barriers negatively determines the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in transport planning. Recent research highlights the unstructured stakeholder involvement and inefficient public participation in earlier phases of EIA as key bottlenecks. While the academic literature has produced promising theories for addressing these barriers, they have rarely been translated into solutions applicable and testable in practice. In order to bridge this theory–practice gap, we present a systematic literature review of interventions and mechanisms aimed at facilitating the integration of different sources and types of knowledge during the scoping phase of EIA. This review explores if and how interventions and mechanisms have been conducted in practice; if and why they worked or did not work and how relevant they are for EIA in transport planning. Based on this review, we distil a set of three specific interventions and trigger mechanisms applicable in the context of EIA in transport planning.     

西安市机动车污染物排放清单与空间分布特征

基于机动车排放因子(MOVES)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)技术,建立了西安市2017年分辨率为1km×1km的机动车污染物排放清单。结果显示:2017年西安市机动车污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x(NO+NO_2)、NO、NO_2、N_2O和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的年排放总量分别为126.1×10~4、138.2×10~4、2 884.2×10~4、2 577.8×10~4、306.4×10~4、27.9×10~4、1 281.2×10~4 kg;柴油车是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_x排放的主要来源,贡献率分别为80.2%、79.5%和75.8%;VOCs和N_2O则主要来自汽油车,贡献率分别为74.2%、89.7%;总体看来,研究区域内不同污染物的空间分布规律相似,这与西安市公路分布有关,PM_(2.5)和NO_x的排放主要集中在主城区及周边县区的高速路和国道,而VOCs的排放主要集中在主城区二环及环内。     

化工区风险源的灰色聚类分级方法的研究

建设化工区需对企业进行合理规划布局,且化工区风险预警和防范具有优先性问题,需要对企业进行有效的风险分级。现有研究中的区域风险源分级方法上存在较大的不足。根据化工区风险源的特点,基于环境风险评价和灰色系统的基本理论,探索性的将灰色聚类分析方法应用于化工区风险源分级中。建立了一套适合化工园区的指标,对各个企业进行聚类分析,划分风险等级。以大连市某化工区为例,筛选8个指标,并选取了6个化工企业进行灰色聚类分析。将它们归为4个不同的风险级别。该方法不仅能较全面地反映化工区各个风险源的风险级别,对风险源的规划、布局和管理起到较好的决策支持作用,而且能指导预警和防范体系的建立,合理分配有限的资源。     

Antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laemostenus punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Carabidae) against cave-dwelling micromycetes

The antifungal potential of the pygidial gland secretion of the troglophilic ground beetle Laemostenus punctatus from a cave in Southeastern Serbia against cave-dwelling micromycetes, isolated from the same habitat, has been investigated. Eleven collected samples were analyzed and 32 isolates of cave-dwelling fungi were documented. A total of 14 fungal species were identified as members of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Epicoccum, Talaromyces, and Fusarium. Five isolates were selected for testing the antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion: Talaromyces duclauxi, Aspergillus brunneouniseriatus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, and Trichoderma viride. The microdilution method has been applied to detect minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs). The most sensitive isolate was Penicillium sp., while the other isolates demonstrated a high level of resistance to the tested agent. L. punctatus has developed a special mechanism of producing specific compounds that act synergistically within the secretion mixture, which are responsible for the antifungal action against pathogens from the cave. The results open opportunities for further research in the field of ground beetle defense against pathogens, which could have an important application in human medicine, in addition to the environmental impact, primarily.     

Regional assessment of plant growth problems for colliery spoil reclamation

The data on plant growth conditions collected for 34 sites in the Barnsley and South Yorkshire Areas of the National Coal Board are analysed using methods of ordination and numerical classification in order to display the regional variations of plant growth characteristics. The potential value of such regional analyses and the manner in which such information could be used by reclamation agencies is discussed and a detailed example is presented for one site. The complete methodology and its limitations are reviewed and the implications for planning of reclamation projects discussed.