超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中细菌群落结构分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE对超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中微生物种群的多样性进行研究.通过SDS细胞裂解法提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,采用通用引物进行V3区域PCR扩增,长约190 bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE图谱表明,在反应器运行的不同时期,微生物群落结构发生动态演替.5、10、15、20、25 d微生物相似性与0 d相比分别为61.2%、48.2%、46.4%、42.6%、41.7%,总细菌Shannon指数经历了一个从逐渐减少到趋于稳定的过程,这表明超声波改变污泥内部性质,导致微生物多样性的降低.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为三大族群并对应于不同运行时期.测序结果表明,超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化中微生物群落主要为Firmicute、Genuscitrobacter、Bacilli、α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria.     

城市地区重建湿地的生态过程研究

研究了湿地重建过程中植物、土壤和水质的动态变化特征.湿地重建2 a后植物种类增加了11种,芦苇、菖蒲和香蒲3种植物的高度、生物量在第2个生长季明显高于第1个生长季节,植物生物量分别增加到原来的13、1.5和1.4倍.湿地种植区土壤有机质总体上是降低的,土壤全氮含量从1?500　mg/kg降低到850　mg/kg（p＜0.01）,土壤全磷在试验期间略有增加.对重建湿地12种水质指标分析表明,夏季湿地出口源水溶解氧高于进口源水,出口源水总氮、叶绿素a、藻类计数3种水质指标均低于进口源水,说明重建湿地水质在夏季出口源水优于进口源水,水质得到改善.研究表明,湿地植物群落重建成功,生物多样性增加,重建湿地在改善和保持源水水质方面发挥了一定的作用.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

道路生态影响评价方法研究：以兰海高速公路为例

提出了将道路生态影响问题划分为3个尺度来进行评价,并根据不同尺度的生态特征采用不同的方法和指标,从而系统、定量的评价道路建设和运行所带来的生态影响.小尺度问题采用野外调查和样方对比的方法;中尺度问题主要依靠不同分辨率的遥感监测,辅之野外调研;大尺度问题主要依靠遥感和GIS结合进行分析.以兰海高速公路为例,运用该系统进行评价,取得了良好的结果.因此,该体系方法可以作为道路生态影响评价和研究的借鉴和参考.     

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD 12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PDI2 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4℃ for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD 12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.     

非均相催化臭氧处理高浓度制药废水的研究

非均相催化臭氧是一种对高浓度制药废水进行预处理的有效方法.本研究采用单一活性炭吸附、单一臭氧氧化和臭氧/活性炭联用3种体系对实际制药废水进行预处理,并对处理过程中的工艺参数进行优化.结果表明,相比单一活性炭吸附和单一臭氧降解体系,臭氧/活性炭联用体系能显著提高COD、TOC的去除率及BOD5/COD值,并显示出良好的协...     

CMC-膨润土交联固定镰刀菌反应器对对氯苯酚废水的降解特性

采用CMC-膨润土交联方法固定镰刀菌,研究了其固定方法对4-CP废水的降解效果,考察了固定化生物反应器间歇与连续运行处理4-CP废水的降解性能.结果表明,CMC-膨润土包埋固定镰刀菌对4-CP的降解速率最大;反应器问歇运行时,4-CP的降解率随其初始浓度增加而有所下降,浓度高于50 mg·L-1的4-CP降解过程基本上...     

含信号控制人行横道的街道峡谷污染物扩散三维数值模拟

耦合微观交通仿真和机动车尾气排放模型,分别对含信号控制人行横道和不含信号控制人行横道的街道峡谷污染物排放进行计算,并以此为排放源,采用k-ε两方程模型与组分输运方程对风向与街道垂直时的污染扩散情况进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,k-ε两方程模型与组分输运方程可以较好地模拟风向与街道垂直时三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散情况.峡...     

北京城区大气干沉降的水溶性离子特征

为了解北京城区大气干沉降中水溶性离子的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了4年多的干沉降采样与分析.结果表明,在222个有效干沉降样品中,存在不同程度的阴离子缺失. SO42-与Ca2+分别是含量最丰富的阴、阳离子组分,其次是NO3-和NH4+. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+呈现相似的季节变化特征,即其浓度在夏季最高,冬季最低. 干沉降基本呈中性,其pH值月变化幅度小,但季节变化明显,夏季低而春季高.     

崇明岛生态风险源分析及其防范对策研究

上海市城市总体规划（1999~2020年）中提出了要将崇明岛建成生态岛的发展目标,而保障崇明岛的生态安全,规避生态风险是实现这一目标以及实现经济可持续发展的重要内容。崇明岛地处长江的河口和经济最发达的长江三角洲,而且东邻东海,地理位置十分特殊,区域生态风险来源十分复杂。因此,深入分析崇明岛的生态风险源类型、来源和特征,是进一步开展生态风险评价和正确制定风险防范对策的基础。通过对崇明历史资料的分析和现状的评价,辨识出26种生态风险源,这些风险源按性质分可分为自然风险源和人为风险源两类,按来源分可分为来自流域、来自周边区域、来自海洋和来自岛屿内部4类;通过对风险源的发生概率、强度分析结果,结合各风险源的特点,筛选出咸水入侵、台风、暴雨、风暴潮、生物入侵为崇明岛的主要风险源,并分析了其对生态系统的干扰和危害。在上述分析的基础上,提出了具体的风险防范对策。