生死线上的一段经历

1964年，我作为实习生在国家测绘总局第二地形测量队工作期间，进入塔克拉玛干沙漠的西北腹地，参加完成了两幅1：10万地形图的高程控制测量及航空摄影野外调绘任务。这是令我终生难忘的一段踩在生死线上的经历。     

基于多重优化灰色模型的三峡库区香溪河支流回水区水华变化趋势预测研究

三峡水库蓄水后,支流香溪河夏季水体富营养化严重,水华现象暴发频繁,水质污染严重.为预知香溪河库湾水华暴发程度与分布区域,以叶绿素-a为指标,引入灰色伯努利模型,并运用参数优化、含参马尔科夫误差修正、子序列独立优化等多重优化理论对模型进行改进,验证模型的优化效果.同时,利用该优化模型对2015年夏季香溪河近10个点位的叶绿素-a平均浓度变化趋势进行短期预测,结果表明,预测值与实际值相差较小,该模型能够基本反映香溪河近几年的水华变化趋势,目前香溪河库湾XX06~XX08和XX02点位区域分别为水华暴发高危区和局部次高危区,叶绿素-a浓度远高于水华阈值,有较高的水华暴发风险.与传统灰色预测相比,该预测方法的精确度和对波动序列的适应性更好.     

中国电子垃圾现状及环境管理对策分析

20世纪以来,随着电子信息等高科技产业迅猛发展,电子技术不断升级,电子产品寿命周期越来越短,电子垃圾的产生量迅速增大。另一方面,国内电子废物的飞速增长和国外电子废物的大量涌入,成为中国环境安全重大隐患。电子垃圾成分复杂且其污染物众多,对电子垃圾的不恰当处理势必造成了严重的环境污染。本文就中国电子垃圾现状、相应的国内外管理对策进行了分析,并针对中国电子垃圾处理现状,从可持续性发展的环保战略高度,对如何改善电子废弃物管理现状、提高废弃物循环利用率、减少电子废弃物产生、降低电子废弃物的危害等进行建议性分析。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the cloud optical depth over China based on MODIS satellite data during 2003–2016

The cloud optical depth(COD) is one of the important parameters used to characterize atmospheric clouds. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the COD over East Asia in 2011 using cloud mode data from the AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network) ground-based observational network. The applicability of the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) COD product was verified and compared with the AERONET cloud mode dataset. There was a good correlation between the AERONET and the MODIS. The spatial and temporal distribution and trends in the COD over China were then analyzed using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2016. The seasonal changes in the AERONET data and the time sequence variation of the satellite data suggest that the seasonal variations in the COD are significant. The result shows that the COD first decreases and then increases with the season in northern China, and reaches the maximum in summer and minimum in winter.However, the spatial distribution change is just the opposite in southern China. The spatial variation trend shows the COD in China decreases first with time and gradually increases after 2014. And the trend of COD in the western and central China is consistent with that in China. While the trend of COD shows a continuously increasing over time in northeast China and the Pearl River Delta.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono- and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (< 10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L–0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

基于细观结构的压实黄土抗剪特性试验研究∗

压实度是填方工程质量验收的主要控制项目之一,较高压实度对改善黄土力学性能效果显著。为全面系统分析压实对黄土抗剪特性的影响规律,更好地揭示较高压实度提高黄土抗剪能力的内在原因,利用室内三轴剪切试验和电镜扫描试验,基于 4 种不同压实度,对甘肃省临夏市北塬地区压实黄土的抗剪特性和细观结构进行了研究。研究表明：压实黄土应力—应变满足双曲线形式,较高压实度对提高黄土体抗剪强度和剪切模量作用显著;较高压实度通过改变土体颗粒之间的接触形式以改善黄土体抗剪特性,主要表现为压实黄土颗粒之间的接触形式随着压实度的增加由棱边接触、支架镶嵌向面接触逐渐过渡;较高压实度通过改变土体孔隙尺度特征和形态分布以改善土体抗剪特性,主要表现为随着压实度的增加孔隙分布范围内微、小孔隙的含量增加,中、大、特大孔隙含量减小,孔隙形状也相对变得圆滑。     

典型城市黑臭河道水体生物毒性研究

以黑臭为特征的城市内河污染近来受到关注,检测和分析污染河流水质的生物毒性对水质标识和生态评价十分必要。本研究逐月检测了温州市九山外河(JS River)和山下河(SX River)两条典型黑臭河道水样对斑马鱼、发光细菌和热带爪蟾胚胎的毒性效应。结果显示,黑臭河道水体对斑马鱼、发光细菌(青海弧菌Vibrio Qinghaiensis Q67)和爪蟾胚胎均具有毒性效应。以斑马鱼死亡率和发光细菌相对抑光率表征的水质综合毒性较一致,且以发光细菌更为敏感。爪蟾胚胎致畸实验主要通过存活率和畸形率来表征水体的毒性。3类生物监测均显示SX水体毒性明显高于JS整体毒性,这与两条河黑臭程度相一致。通过发光细菌检测水体综合毒性的分析,显示SX和JS水体毒性在5月-8月的夏季较高,冬春季节较低,表明黑臭河道水质毒性季节性变化与水体温度(T)和溶解氧(DO)值关系密切。本研究结果可为污染水体生物毒性检测和黑臭水体综合评价及后续治理提供依据。     

Comparison of EC and BC and evaluation of dust aerosol contribution to light absorption in Xi'an, China

The concentrations of EC, BC and dust aerosols were determined for atmospheric samples collected from an observation station in Xi'an, China. The results show that the averaged correlation coefficient between EC and BC was founded to be 0.72 with 0.81 (n = 49) in autumn, 0.70 (n = 112) in winter and 0.69 (n = 57) in spring, respectively. Absorption coefficients of dust aerosol were estimated to be 2.7 m² g⁻¹ in autumn and 4.4 m² g⁻¹ in winter. The comparison of absorption coefficients of dust aerosol with those of BC implies that BC is the principal light-absorbing aerosol over Xi'an atmosphere. By combining thermal analysis of elemental carbon and dust contents in the aerosol samples, however, the fraction of dust absorption to total light absorption is estimated to be 19% in autumn and 31% in winter, respectively.     

Characterization of municipal solid waste incineration and flue gas emission under anoxic environment in Tibet Plateau

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Waste incineration is a process of full combustion reaction between waste and oxygen at high temperature. It is a new problem whether the special...