大学校园的生态足迹探究

生态足迹分析法是评价绿色校园建设水平较好的指标之一,能定量揭示学校的生态状况,本文结合黑龙江科技学院的校园状况,简要介绍生态足迹成分法的原理和计算分析方法.研究结果表明,黑龙江科技学院2005年总生态足迹为18410.53 hm2,即需要18410.53 hm2生态生产性土地来支持学校的各类消费以及吸纳废弃物;人均生态足迹为0.94 hm2/人,与全国人均生态足迹1.5 hm2相比较,学校的生态状况比较乐观.     

南京江北新区PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节特征和来源解析

为探究南京江北新区PM_2.5中水溶性离子的季节特征和来源，于2019年共采集了113个有效PM_2.5样品.用称重法和离子色谱法分别测定出PM_2.5和10种水溶性离子的质量浓度，并使用PMF源解析法对其进行来源解析.结果表明，观测期间南京江北新区PM_2.5和水溶性离子年平均浓度分别为（78.34±29.64）和（35.68±18.30）μg·m^-3，其四季变化趋势相同，冬季浓度高，夏季浓度低.10种水溶性离子中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺的浓度远远高于其他离子，其在总离子中的含量高达89.9%.南京江北新区四季PM_2.5中NH₄⁺主要与HSO₄^-和NO₃^-结合存在.硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）的年均值分别为0.53和0.28，说明观测期间大气中氮硫的二次生成率较高.南京江北新区PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源为二次转化、海盐和扬尘.     

潮白河中游沉积物中重金属分布、来源及生态风险评估

潮白河是海河五大支流之一,其中游位于河北省,地处北京市下游和天津市上游,非汛期来水主要为北京市工业废水和生活污水.为了解潮白河中游沉积物重金属污染分布特征、来源、生态风险及可能受北京市来水的影响,于2018年6月采集9个表层沉积物样品和2个柱状沉积物样品,使用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等7种重金属的质量分数.结果表明:①潮白河中游表层沉积物中w（Cr）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（As）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）的平均值分别为31.47、14.74、14.73、44.80、4.91、0.23、17.98 mg/kg,7种重金属质量分数除在5号采样点突然增加外,均沿河流方向呈先降后升的趋势.在垂直方向上,7种重金属在5号采样点出现富集,在9号采样点其质量分数则呈减轻趋势.②通过相关性分析和主成分分析可知,潮白河中游沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Pb主要来源于工业和交通污染;Zn和Cd则主要来源于农业面源和生活污染.③地累积指数评价和潜在生态风险指数显示,潮白河中游表层沉积物重金属污染主要以Cd、Pb、Cu和As为主,其中Cd的潜在危害最高,各采样点综合潜在生态风险指数大小依次为5号> 2号> 3号> 9号> 1号> 8号> 4号> 7号> 6号.研究显示,潮白河中游沉积物重金属污染在5号采样点最严重,其中Cd污染程度最高,其来源主要为区域农业生产和居民生活等人类活动,应加强区域内农业和生活污染防治.      

Surface characterization of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber catalysts for simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide

The sol–gel method was used to synthesize a series of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber (ACF) and the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activity of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) at relatively low temperatures of 60°C was tested. The effects of preparation conditions on the catalyst properties were investigated, including the kinds and amount of metal oxides and calcination temperatures. The activity tests indicated that catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni after calcining at 400°C (Ni(5)/ACF(400)) had the best performance for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS₂. The surface and structure properties of prepared ACF were characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared reflection (DRFTIR). And the metal cation defects were researched by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The characterization results showed that the supporting of Ni on the ACF made the ACF catalyst show alkaline and increased the specific surface area and the number of micropores, then improved catalytic hydrolysis activity. The DRFTIR results revealed that -OH species could facilitate the hydrolysis of COS and CS₂; -COO and -C–O species could facilitate the oxidation of catalytic hydrolysate H₂S. And the EPR results showed that high calcination temperature conditions provide more active reaction center for the COS and CS₂ adsorption.     

施用牛粪对As污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响

为探究牛粪施肥对污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响,采用盆栽培养试验研究了施加牛粪对土壤Fe和As的活性、水稻根表铁膜形成及籽粒As含量的影响。实验所用受高As矿山废水污染土壤(As:92. 3 mg/kg)施加10%～30%的牛粪,土壤溶解性有机碳含量增加8. 41～24. 5 mg/kg,土壤孔隙水pH提高0. 14～0. 59,土壤氧化还原电位降低93. 5～174 m V,与背景土(As:18. 1 mg/kg)变化趋势相同;施用牛粪还会活化土壤中的Fe和As,污染土壤Fe(II)、AO-Fe和HCl-As含量分别增加13. 5%～149%、35. 9%～90. 9%和70. 1%～181%,分别为背景土壤的0. 86～1. 66倍、1. 17～2. 15倍、4. 29～8. 91倍;施加牛粪能促进根表铁膜的形成,拔节期污染土壤和背景土壤水稻根表Fe分别是其对照的1. 56～1. 96倍和2. 09～3. 07倍,根表吸附As含量是其对照的3. 04～5. 18、3. 82～4. 08倍,根表附着Fe随牛粪的增加先增加后降低,至成熟期污染土壤水稻根表吸附Fe和As分别是背景土壤的1. 35～2. 91和8. 45～16. 6倍,根表As和Fe的物质量比为污染区(3. 49×10~(-3)～3. 55×10~(-3))背景区(4. 41×10~(-4)～6. 17×10~(-4));背景土壤施加牛粪后水稻籽粒As含量降低,最大降低36. 4%,而污染土壤水稻籽粒As含量增加,最大增加127%。牛粪对土壤As、Fe的活性及根表铁膜的形成都具有重要影响,会提高污染稻田籽粒中As的含量,含As矿山废水污染稻田应当谨慎施用牛粪。     

基于Web的环境监控数据查询系统设计研究

随着社会的进步,传统环境监控日渐式微,存在效率低问题。针对这个问题,基于Web环境监控查询系统成为近几年研究的焦点。综合国内外相关研究资料,设计一个基于Web的环境监控数据查询系统。该系统实现了通过网络共享远程终端数据对环境的实时监控,推动环保工作的现代化管理。为验证其有效性,系统在设计完成后在某地进行了为期6个月的投入实验。基于Web的环境监控数据查询系统较传统监控系统效率更高,满足了人们的需求,对未来相似系统设计有一定的借鉴意义。     

Reduced graphene oxide-nano zero value iron(rGO-nZVI) micro-electrolysis accelerating Cr(Ⅵ) removal in aquifer

Nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI) assembled on graphene oxide(GO)(rGO-nZVI) composites were synthesized by reduction of GO and ferrous ions with potassium borohydride,for use in Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution.The results showed that the two-dimensional structure of GO could provide a skeleton support for Fe~0,thus overcoming the bottleneck of aggregation for nZVI.Also,rGO-nZVI would form a ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis system in Cr(VI)-contaminated aquifers,enhancing and accelerating electron transfer,exhibiting high rate and capacity for Cr(VI) removal.The optimum dosage of the applied r GO-nZVI was linearly correlated with the initial Cr(VI) concentration.Characterization of rGO-nZVI before and after reaction with Cr(VI) revealed the process of Cr(VI) removal:r GO-nZVI firstly transferred electrons from Fe~0 cores via their Fe(II)/Fe(III) shells to the GO sheet;there,negatively charged Cr(VI) received electrons and changed into positively charged Cr(III),which was adsorbed by the negatively charged GO sheet,avoiding the capping and passivating of nZVI.rGO-nZVI formed a good electrically conductive network,and thus had long-term electron releasing properties,which was important for groundwater remediation.     

Preparation of MgCr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> from waste tannery solution and effect of sulfate,chloride, and calcium on leachability of chromium

This paper presents a study regarding the preparation of MgCr₂O₄ from waste tannery solution, and chromium leaching behavior is also investigated with varying amounts of sulfate, chloride and calcium. The phase transformation, crystallinity index and crystallite diameter were characterized using XRD, FT-IR and thermal analysis. A well-crystallized MgCr₂O₄ was successfully prepared at 1400 °C. The sintering temperature had a major impact on the formation of MgCr₂O₄ compared with sintering time. The MgCr₂O₄ phase was observed initially at 400 °C and its crystallite diameter increased with increasing temperature. The concentration of total chromium leached and Cr(VI) decreased gradually with increasing temperature. The considerable amount of Cr(VI) was found in the leachate at 300–500 °C caused by Cr(VI) intermediary products. Sulfate and chlorine could impact the transformation efficiency of chromium adversely, and chlorine has a more significant effect than sulfate. The presence of calcium disturbed the formation of MgCr₂O₄ and new chromium species (CaCrO₄) appeared, which resulted in a sharp increase in the concentration of leached Cr(VI). Incorporating Cr(III) into the MgCr₂O₄ spinel for reusable products reduced its mobility significantly. This was demonstrated to be a promising strategy for the disposal of chromium containing waste resource.     

Relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong

This paper reports on a study which explored the possible relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong. A total of 212 residential complexes from 11 contrasting urban forms were sampled, and their noise levels assessed both at dwelling and neighbourhood scales by noise mapping. Its findings indicate that residential complexes with different urban forms have significantly different noisescape attributes. There is a strong correlation between the noise characteristics and morphological indicators at the dwelling scale. A less obstreperous noisescape is associated with urban forms with lower road and building densities, and with building arrangements which provide self-noise screening. These findings suggest that urban form is an influential determinant of the noisescape in the urban environment, and they point to the need to rethink the conventional approach to managing the urban acoustic environment.     

"青龙奇迹"传播现象分析及其准确度探讨

在地震灾难频发及网络媒体迅速发展的背景下,"青龙奇迹"引起了公众的广泛关注和争议,其社会舆论影响不容忽视.以此为切入点,笔者一行利用2010年暑期社会实践在河北省青龙县、抚宁县进行了实地调研走访,结合学者论述、新闻报道,从灾难社会学和传播学角度,分析"青龙奇迹"传播现象,并对其准确度进行了探讨.