Pilot-Scale Study of the Effect of Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst on Mercury Speciation in Illinois and Powder River Basin Coal Combustion Flue Gases

Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst on mercury (Hg) speciation in bituminous and subbituminous coal combustion flue gases. Three different Illinois Basin bituminous coals (from high to low sulfur [S] and chlorine [Cl]) and one Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal with very low S and very low Cl were tested in a pilot-scale combustor equipped with an SCR reactor for controlling nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions. The SCR catalyst induced high oxidation of elemental Hg (Hg⁰), decreasing the percentage of Hg⁰ at the outlet of the SCR to values <12% for the three Illinois coal tests. The PRB coal test indicated a low oxidation of Hg⁰ by the SCR catalyst, with the percentage of Hg⁰ decreasing from ～96% at the inlet of the reactor to ～80% at the outlet. The low Cl content of the PRB coal and corresponding low level of available flue gas Cl species were believed to be responsible for low SCR Hg oxidation for this coal type. The test results indicated a strong effect of coal type on the extent of Hg oxidation.     

Nitrogen conservation in simulated food waste aerobic composting process with different Mg and P salt mixtures

To assess the effects of three types of Mg and P salt mixtures (potassium phosphate [K3PO4]/magnesium sulfate [MgSO4], potassium dihydrogen phosphate [K2HPO4]/MgSO4, KH2PO4/MgSO4) on the conservation of N and the biodegradation of organic materials in an aerobic food waste composting process, batch experiments were undertaken in four reactors (each with an effective volume of 30 L). The synthetic food waste was composted of potatoes, rice, carrots, leaves, meat, soybeans, and seed soil, and the ratio of C and N was 17:1. Runs R1-R3 were conducted with the addition of K3PO4/ MgSO4, K2HPO4/MgSO4, and KH2PO4/MgSO4 mixtures, respectively; run R0 was a blank performed without the addition of Mg and P salts. After composting for 25 days, the degrees of degradation of the organic materials in runs R0-R3 were 53.87, 62.58, 59.14, and 49.13%, respectively. X-ray diffraction indicated that struvite crystals were formed in runs R1-R3 but not in run R0; the gaseous ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) losses in runs R0-R3 were 21.2, 32.8, 12.6, and 3.5% of the initial total N, respectively. Of the tested Mg/P salt mixtures, the K2HPO4/ MgSO4 system provided the best combination of conservation of N and biodegradation of organic materials in this food waste composting process.     

新型固硫节煤剂在供热锅炉系统中的应用

长庆油田矿区服务事业部各生活小区锅炉90%的能源用于小区采暖供热,锅炉供热能耗大,效率低。为降低供热能耗,2012年1月对庆城基地锅炉系统中的SZL14--1.0/95/70型号锅炉使用固硫节煤剂的应用效果进行了现场试验对比。试验证明:通过添加新型固硫节煤剂能改善炉膛燃烧氛围、促进燃烧完全,降低炉渣含碳量,提高热效率7%,节煤率12%。同时,固硫效果明显,烟尘排放CO、SO2明显减少。     

模拟再生水配水管网生物稳定性的研究

以T市J再生水厂出厂水为研究对象,利用生物膜反应器模拟再生水配水管网系统.通过微生物的培养和加氯消毒发现,培养40 d后出水和生物膜异养菌达到平衡,出水达5.63 log(CFU/mL),膜片达5.13 log(CFU/cm2).加氯消毒后出水和膜片上异养菌随着出水自由氯和总氯的增加而降低,通过比较可知控制出水自由氯0...     

氧化锰矿渣改性制备SCR脱硝催化剂

以锰酸钾生产过程中产生的氧化锰矿渣为原料,制备了一系列Mn基SCR脱硝催化剂。研究了活性炭、二氧化钛、以及含锰量的变化对催化剂的脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,直接由矿渣制备的催化剂和添加活性炭、二氧化钛制备的催化剂,其最大脱硝率分别为40%和78%。XPS表征发现催化剂中的锰元素存在多种氧化价态,活性炭的加入在一定程度上改变了不同价态之间的相对含量;在矿渣中加入硫酸锰后,发现总锰含量达到10%时,催化剂的最大脱硝率从78%降低至57%,XRD测试发现硫酸锰的加入导致S2O27-物种的生成,可能是引起催化剂活性下降的原因之一;而加入醋酸锰至总锰含量达到10%时,增大了催化剂的活性温度窗口,当总锰含量达到20%时,在空速10 000 h-1条件下,催化剂的最大脱硝率达到86.7%。     

Retrieval of total suspended matter (TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote-sensing data for drinking water resources

The concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM) are major water quality parameters that can be retrieved using remotely sensed data. Water sampling works were conducted on 15 July 2007 and 13 September 2008 concurrent with the Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) overpass of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir. Both empirical regression and back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) models were established to estimate Chl-a and TSM concentration with both in situ and satellite-received radiances signals. It was found that empirical models performed well on the TSM concentration estimation with better accuracy (R ² = 0.94, 0.91) than their performance on Chl-a concentration (R ² = 0.62, 0.75) with IRS-P6 imagery data, and the models accuracy marginally improved with in situ spectra data. Our results indicated that the ANN model performed better for both Chl-a (R ² = 0.91, 0.82) and TSM (R ² = 0.98, 0.94) concentration estimation through in situ collected spectra; the same trend followed for IRS-P6 imagery data (R ² = 0.75 and 0.90 for Chl-a; R ² = 0.97 and 0.95 for TSM). The relative root mean square errors (RMSEs) from the empirical model for TSM (Chl-a) were less than 15% (respectively 27.2%) with both in situ and IRS-P6 imagery data, while the RMSEs were less than 7.5% (respectively 18.4%) from the ANN model. Future work still needs to be undertaken to derive the dynamic characteristic of Shitoukoumen Reservoir water quality with remotely sensed IRS-P6 or Landsat-TM data. The algorithms developed in this study will also need to be tested and refined with more imagery data acquisitions combined with in situ spectra data.     

水质对紫外消毒在两种典型再生水中应用的影响

以大肠杆菌为对象，研究了再生水水质变化对紫外消毒效果和光复活的影响。结果表明，紫外对大肠杆菌有很强的灭活作用，在紫外剂量为4mJ／cm^2时，大肠杆菌的灭活率达到了4．41个对数级。腐殖酸、铁和2种再生水水体中其他溶解性物质会影响光吸收和紫外透射率，但对紫外消毒动力学无影响。在颗粒物浓度为0～200mg／L的范围内，外源高岭土和活性污泥等颗粒物的投加对紫外消毒效果影响较小，而再生水水样W1中原有的2．61／1：g／L的颗粒物则会极大地影响消毒效果，使UV对细菌的灭活出现明显的拖尾现象。腐殖酸会增强紫外损伤大肠杆菌的光复活能力，但2种再生水中细菌的光复活能力相对磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）中减弱，减弱程度在不同水样中有所不同。     

柴油机微粒捕集器臭氧再生法离线再生

由R175型柴油机、微粒捕集器(Φ90 mm×150 mm)、CF-G10型臭氧发生器组成实验系统,进行了臭氧再生法离线再生研究。研究表明,在190℃温度下,再生气从DPF上游侧进气再生时,臭氧可以有效再生DPF,再生效率可达90%以上,再生效率达到65%左右时发生臭氧穿透,臭氧利用率下降;穿透时间点随微粒捕集时的柴油机载荷增大而提前,随微粒捕集时间增加而提前;臭氧供给量不变,再生气流量越大,再生效果越明显;再生气从DPF下游侧进气再生时,臭氧穿透时间点较上游侧进气再生滞后,但发生穿透后DPF几乎不再再生,总再生效率低于70%。结果表明,微粒捕集器臭氧再生法是可行的,对于如何提高臭氧利用率需进一步研究。     

不同提取方法对活性污泥胞外聚合物吸附废水中Cd(Ⅱ)效能的影响

为了比较不同提取方法对胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取及其吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,考察了pH、单一物理提取方法和组合方法对脱水污泥中EPS的提取量及其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力的影响。结果表明:碱性条件在能够提高EPS提取量的同时,也能够提高EPS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力;不同物理处理方法对EPS的提取效率影响顺序为加热法超声法离心法,但其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力影响顺序为超声法离心法加热法;组合物理方法虽然较单一方法的EPS提取效率要高,但其提取EPS吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的能力较单一方法弱。以上结果可为EPS重金属吸附剂的有效提取和工业化应用提供参考。     

A review of bioretention components and nutrient removal under different climates—future directions for tropics

Bioretention systems have been implemented as stormwater best management practices (BMPs) worldwide to treat non-point sources pollution. Due to insufficient research, the design guidelines for bioretention systems in tropical countries are modeled after those of temperate countries. However, climatic factors and stormwater runoff characteristics are the two key factors affecting the capacity of bioretention system. This paper reviews and compares the stormwater runoff characteristics, bioretention components, pollutant removal requirements, and applications of bioretention systems in temperate and tropical countries. Suggestions are given for bioretention components in the tropics, including elimination of mulch layer and submerged zone. More research is required to identify suitable additives for filter media, study tropical shrubs application while avoiding using grass and sedges, explore function of soil faunas, and adopt final discharged pollutants concentration (mg/L) on top of percentage removal (%) in bioretention design guidelines.