Conservation Businesses and Conservation Planning in a Biological Diversity Hotspot

The allocation of land to biological diversity conservation competes with other land uses and the needs of society for development, food, and extraction of natural resources. Trade‐offs between biological diversity conservation and alternative land uses are unavoidable, given the realities of limited conservation resources and the competing demands of society. We developed a conservation‐planning assessment for the South African province of KwaZulu‐Natal, which forms the central component of the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biological diversity hotspot. Our objective was to enhance biological diversity protection while promoting sustainable development and providing spatial guidance in the resolution of potential policy conflicts over priority areas for conservation at risk of transformation. The conservation‐planning assessment combined spatial‐distribution models for 646 conservation features, spatial economic‐return models for 28 alternative land uses, and spatial maps for 4 threats. Nature‐based tourism businesses were competitive with other land uses and could provide revenues of >US$60 million/year to local stakeholders and simultaneously help meeting conservation goals for almost half the conservation features in the planning region. Accounting for opportunity costs substantially decreased conflicts between biological diversity, agricultural use, commercial forestry, and mining. Accounting for economic benefits arising from conservation and reducing potential policy conflicts with alternative plans for development can provide opportunities for successful strategies that combine conservation and sustainable development and facilitate conservation action. Negocios de Conservación y Planificación de la Conservación en un Sitio de Importancia para la Biodiversidad     

中国运载火箭技术研究院危险点分级研究

根据设备设施、工艺流程、危险物质的特点,将中国运载火箭技术研究院危险点分为起重机械、机械设备、变配电站(室)、锅炉、压力容器、危化品等6类。以该分类为基础,选用风险评价半定量的评点法作为危险点评价分级的理论依据。分析并研究各类危险点所应考虑的不同评点因素,设计评点分层标准和评点分值,计算各类危险点的总评点分值。结合研究院危险点安全管理的控制重点,统筹分析每类危险点的风险等级分布情况,确定其等级划分标准。     

九寨沟震区地表形变监测及震损物源估算

地震及其次生地质灾害（滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等）引发的松散物质（即震损物源）剧烈迁移会给震区环境与安全造成极为深远的影响。“8·8”九寨沟地震发生后，大量的震损物源加剧了九寨沟景区地质灾害易发性及湖泊淤积风险。获取震损物源的分布与数量，是减少灾害风险与保护湿地景观的基础。因此，利用DInSAR技术实施地表形变监测,基于形变数据，再结合光学遥感数据解译和实地观测，估算九寨沟景区震损物源，解析空间分布与数量特征。研究结果显示:地震在震中的西北侧造成了较大的沉降形变，在震中东南侧也产生了轻微隆起形变，雷达视线向形变量达-23～11 cm；景区震损物源呈带状分布,沿沟谷和道路较为发育，以五花海区域最为集中，估算数量达1.658×105m³。研究结果将为九寨沟景区地质灾害隐患的监测防治及河湖湿地的绿色防淤提供支撑。     

太湖内源营养盐负荷状况及其对上覆水水质的影响

以太湖沉积物-上覆水界面为研究对象,于2013年夏季采集46个样点的沉积物柱状样,分析表层沉积物孔隙水中营养盐(正磷酸盐、氨氮、硝氮)的浓度空间分布,估算表层沉积物中磷、氮的扩散通量,明确营养盐在沉积物-水界面的分布规律,以探明内源营养盐负荷对太湖上覆水的污染贡献,并为沉积物-水界面氮磷的转移过程理论补充证据.结果表明:太湖西北部区域的表层沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐和硝氮浓度较高,分别达到1.11 mg·L~(-1)和1.25 mg·L~(-1)以上;大部分湖区的氨氮浓度超过2 mg·L~(-1).全湖区范围内,从表层沉积物的上覆水到孔隙水,氨氮含量呈现升高趋势而硝氮含量呈现降低趋势.北部3个湖湾区的沉积物营养盐扩散通量最高,正磷酸盐为2.69~4.60 mg·m~(-2)·d~~(-1),氨氮为17.8~45.7 mg·m-2·d~(-1),而湖岸河口区是沉积物硝氮内源释放显著的区域.沉积物向上覆水释放正磷酸盐和氨氮的年内源污染负荷分别为64.6 t·a~(-1)和1756 t·a~(-1);而上覆水向沉积物汇入硝氮的年负荷为1102 t·a~(-1).氨氮的内源污染负荷与外源污染负荷之比高达18.7%,氨氮、总磷和总氮内源污染为上覆水贡献的浓度分别为0.361、0.013和0.134 mg·L~(-1),表明自由扩散带来的内源负荷会使太湖水中营养盐污染恶化,需引起重视.     

江苏茅山断裂带中段重力异常多尺度分析及其构造识别

采用小波变换多尺度分析,将茅山断裂带中段的重力数据分解为不同尺度的重力异常,用于研究该区的地质构造特征。小波变换多尺度分析可以将重力数据分解为不同深度的局部异常和区域异常,局部异常解释为浅部地质体引起,区域异常解释为深部地质体引起。基于此种地质解释,分析了不同深度地质体与重力异常的对应关系,并对产生异常的原因进行解释,推断出该区的主要断裂构造,并对已有研究成果进行修正。研究结果表明,断裂带中段的构造形式与重力异常之间有较好的对应关系。     

长江三角洲城市群人为热排放特征研究

基于常规可获取的能源、交通、人口等统计资料,利用“自上而下”的能源清单法,研究了2010年长江三角洲(以下简称“长三角”)城市群地区各类人为热排放量及其时空分布特征.结果表明:该地区人为热排放总量为1.4′1019J/a,其中工业、交通、建筑、新陈代谢分别占75.1%、12.5%、9.9%和2.5%.上海、苏州、无锡、杭州和南京五个城市的人为热排放总量约占研究区域总量的71%.长三角城市群的人为热年平均排放通量为5.3W/m2,大部分地区介于5~30W/m2,城市高值区一般介于20~70W/m2,上海明显高于其他城市.为方便有关环境气候模式的输入,本文提供了人为热排放的网格化空间分布和简单的时间变化廓线.     

沱江流域总磷空间排放特征及影响因素分析

沱江流域总磷(TP)减排对于改善三峡库区乃至长江流域的水体富营养化有着重要的作用.以2017年为基准年,基于沱江流域工业、农业和生活源TP排放数据,分析沱江流域TP空间排放特征及污染源排放贡献率;通过引入入河系数,测算沱江流域TP入河量,分析TP的代谢路径;利用Pearson相关分析和线性回归分析,揭示TP排放主要影响...     

我国地热资源的开发战略

总结了我国地热资源的利用和管理状况,提出了"政策统一、市场运作、合理利用、可持续发展"的地热资源开发战略,并对战略内容进行了具体阐述.     

Local Capacity for Groundwater Protection in Ontario

Preventing groundwater contamination is vastly cheaper than remediation. Recognizing this, attention in water and land management agencies in North America increasingly turn to groundwater protection. Local agencies, such as municipalities and watershed management districts, are vital to successful groundwater protection, but they face daunting challenges. In the United States, senior governments have recognized these challenges and provide considerable support for local agencies. In Ontario, Canada, local agencies are, to a much greater extent, on their own. The aims in this paper are to analyze factors that shape local capacity for groundwater protection, focusing on Ontario, and to recommend avenues for capacity building. Interrelationships among five dimensions of capacity (technical, financial, institutional, social, and political) are explored through an analysis of three smaller Ontario communities: City of Guelph (population 93,400), Town of Orangeville (population 22,188), and Town of Erin (population 11,000). Size clearly influences capacity for groundwater protection. However, other considerations unrelated to size appear to be as important. These other factors include the ability to form horizontal and vertical linkages with external agencies, political leadership and commitment, and citizen involvement. Thus, smaller communities in Ontario (and other jurisdictions with limited senior government support) would do well to focus on these areas at the same time as they develop their technical, financial, and institutional capacity.     

湛江港船舶处理含油污水状况分析

通过对湛江港非油船、油船含油污水接收处理现状的评价，分析了其中存在的问题并提出解决办法。