高频超声降解偶氮染料活性红MX-5B废水的研究

采用高频超声降解偶氮染料活性红MX-5B模拟废水,考察了溶液初始pH值、超声参数、曝气、Fe2+浓度以及多频效应对活性红MX-5B超声降解过程的影响,并初步探讨了活性红MX-5B的超声降解规律.结果表明,酸性条件下,高频超声能有效降解MX-5B,当pH=3.5,f=418.3kHz,P=69W时,反应180 min后,MX-5B模拟废水脱色完全.微量Fe2+与超声空化产生的H2 O2形成类Fenton体系,可强化MX-5B的脱色反应.曝气有利于MX-5B脱色,但影响不大.多频超声对MX-5B的脱色效果优于单频超声处理效果.超声降解MX-5B以自由基氧化机制为主,并遵循表观一级反应动力学.染料分子中的NN形成的共轭发色体系已完全破坏,芳香结构也大部分遭到了羟基自由基的破坏.     

北极新奥尔松地区过去200年Hg污染记录及来源

自工业革命以来,Hg污染已经成为了全球性的问题.研究选取了采自北极新奥尔松(Ny-Alesund)地区富含苔藓植物残体的沉积剖面S2,对沉积样品进行Hg含量分析,结合210Pb-137Cs年代测定以及Hg沉降通量的计算,恢复了最近200年新奥尔松地区Hg的变化趋势,并重点探讨了工业革命以来引起S2剖面Hg沉积通量显著增加的主要因素.结果表明,工业革命以来,Hg含量明显上升,表层样品中Hg含量最高约为180 ng.g-1,人类污染Hg占总Hg的比例由30%上升至表层的90%,人为源Hg的输入已成为北极新奥尔松地区总Hg的主要来源.最近200年,Hg沉积通量为8～20μg.(m2.a)-1,并呈现3个明显峰值,分别对应于1800年、1880年和1970年左右.对比研究区煤炭生产量、全球Hg产量和S2剖面沉积通量记录的变化,表明当地Hg的输入主要来源于远距离大气污染物的传输作用,本地煤矿的开采和关闭可能对当地Hg沉积通量变化造成了一定的影响,但影响较小.新奥尔松地区的Hg污染程度与瑞典、加拿大等环北极地区相当,高于格陵兰地区,但仍明显低于美国、俄罗斯等工业化较高的国家.     

中国生物质燃烧大气污染物排放清单

根据2000-2007年各省市生物质燃烧消耗量和排放因子,估算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所导致的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM、BC排放量,并给出了分省区、分生物质类型的排放清单.研究表明,2007年中国生物质燃烧排放的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM和BC排放量分别为109万t,1...     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

草履虫对四尾栅藻的生长抑制性研究

为探究原生生物在治理富营养化水体水华方面的潜在作用,使用一种原生生物一草履虫与生长期和成熟期四尾栅藻混合培养,研究草履虫的吞噬性对栅藻的生长抑制作用.结果表明,在繁殖旺盛、生长活跃的时期,草履虫通过其在捕食过程中的吞噬作用,能够对栅藻产生吞噬.在栅藻生长稳定期,草履虫对栅藻具有一定的吞噬效率,最大吞噬效率达到8.93％...     

兰州市农村环境污染现状及防治对策分析

分别对兰州市农村的主要污染面源污染和点源污染现状进行了综合分析,研究其变化规律和发展趋势,揭示了其基本状况。最后结合兰州市具体情况提出了治理农村环境污染的对策和建议。     

船舶压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物研究概况

概述了国内外对到港船舶压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物的研究进展,各研究结果均表明,到港船舶压载水及其沉积物中存活了大量的浮游生物,其中浮游植物可通过生理休眠或产生休眠细胞存活,而浮游动物则会产生休眠卵,这些休眠状态的存在都加大了外来生物的入侵风险;同时阐述了国内外对航行过程中压载水浮游生物丰度变化的研究现状,结果表明:不同...     

NaCl溶液pH值对5083铝合金腐蚀的影响研究

采用电化学试验方法,结合金相组织观察、SEM、腐蚀形貌观察等,研究了在不同pH值时3％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中5083铝合金的点蚀电位、自腐蚀电位及腐蚀质量损失.研究结果表明,5083铝合金点蚀电位基本接近,自腐蚀电位存在差异,而且在强酸、强碱溶液中会发生全面均匀的腐蚀溶解;在弱酸、弱碱或偏中性溶液中由于在夹杂物及基...     

军用组合式集装箱联结器失效分析

简要介绍了军用组合式集装箱联结器常见的失效形式,分析了各种失效的原因.指出军用组合式集装箱联结器在设计、制造、使用中的任何一个环节的不当,都可能会造成其失效;军用组合式集装箱联结器的失效原因,涉及到从材料、加工、结构、受力、使用环境到相关零件分析的多个过程.给出了一些典型工程失效分析案例,提出了相应的预防改进措施.