2013-2016年天气形势对北京秋季空气重污染过程的影响

我国北方秋冬季节的空气重污染过程已经成为影响人们生活的重大环境事件，不仅受到公众和科研工作者的广泛关注，也已成为各地各部门政策制订者最为重视的关键问题之一.针对众说纷纭的空气重污染过程的形成机理、治理方案、控制对策等，利用2013-2016年秋季（9-11月）中国环境监测总站公布的逐时空气质量监测数据，重点对北京奥体中心站的空气重污染过程的演变进行了分析.结合中国气象局发布的天气形势分析图，系统地分析了我国4 a来秋冬季节出现大范围空气重污染过程的气候背景.结果表明:秋季我国东北和华北地区出现持续时间长、影响范围广的空气重污染过程，除了排放源的影响之外，天气形势同样起着重要作用. 2013-2016年秋季北京奥体中心的PM_2.5污染状况仍以优良天气为主，其间中度及以上污染的持续时间虽然不长，但其影响[高ρ（PM_2.5）]也不容忽视.秋季北京奥体中心ρ（PM_2.5）日均值超标（二级）日数占25.8%，其中2014年最为严重，超标日数达44 d，占37.4%.通过对空气重污染过程与我国传统节气的对比分析发现，入秋后我国北方首次出现持续48 h以上的空气重污染过程分别是在秋分和寒露两个节气，而最严重的空气重污染过程则出现在寒露和霜降两个节气.从时间序列来看，4 a来北京奥体中心ρ（PM_2.5）没有特别显著的改善，优良时数占60%左右，而中度以上的污染时数则维持在25%左右，但严重污染事件[ρ（PM_2.5）≥ 250 μg/m3]的有效时数则有明显的变化.此外，白天污染物的浓度明显低于夜晚.研究还发现，西伯利亚高压指数的异常偏低往往会导致持续时间长、影响范围广和污染强度强的重度污染事件.      

基于SVM⁃RF的泥石流窗口坝闭塞度判别研究∗

为了研究野外泥石流防治工程中窗口坝的开口闭塞类别,基于量纲分析理论,以室内水槽试验模拟实际工程,分析模型试验与实际工程的相关物理量及对应的相似准数;引入支持向量机和随机森林分类模型,在开源机器学习工具Scikit-Learn中,采用python编程实现算法;以室内水槽试验数据作为支持向量机和随机森林的训练样本,进行机器学习得到分类模型,提出一种用于判别泥石流窗口坝闭塞类型的新方法;将测试结果与经验公式中闭塞度判别值F的分类结果进行正确率对比,结果表明,F值的分类准确率为88%,而支持向量机为92%,随机森林为94%,随机森林分类效果最好,机器学习理论为泥石流窗口坝在实践中的设计提供了新思路。     

Adsorption of Pb and Cd on the natural surface coatings (NSCs) in the presence of organochlorine pesticides: a preliminary investigation

Adsorption of Pb and Cd in the presence and absence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on natural surface coatings (NSCs), which were collected in the Nanhu Lake in Changchun, China, was measured in order to investigate the effect of the OCPs on the adsorption of heavy metals on the NSCs. Adsorption of Pb/Cd was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions (mineral salt solution with defined species, ionic strength 0.05 mol/l, 25 degrees C and pH 6.0) with initial Pb and Cd concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 mol/l. The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate the equilibrium coefficients of the adsorption of Pb and Cd on the NSCs. Adsorption interference between Pb/Cd and the OCPs on the NSCs indicated that the adsorption of Pb/Cd on the NSCs was influenced by the OCPs, and competitive adsorption between Pb and the OCPs was observed while adsorption of Cd was enhanced by addition of the OCPs. Adsorption data fit the Langmuir isotherm well for the NSCs treated with the OCPs at different equilibrium concentrations. The results showed that the amount of adsorbed Pb decreased by more than 40% while the amount of adsorbed Cd increased by over 60% with an increase in the initial concentrations of the OCPs ranging from 0 to 5.0 microg/l and that adsorption of Pb/Cd on the NSCs was strongly affected by the OCPs. This preliminary study highlights the importance of the OCPs on the NSCs in controlling the transport, fate, biogeochemistry, bioavailability and toxicity of trace metals in aquatic environments.     

Nitrogen loss through lateral seepage in near-trench paddy fields

A near-trench paddy field experiment with five urea application rates (0-360 kg N ha(-1) in 90-kg increments) was conducted on a paddy soil in the Taihu Lake Region of China to elucidate N losses through lateral seepage during three rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons. The total N (Nt), NH4(+) -N, and NO3(-) -N concentrations in the lateral seepage water increased with increasing N rates. The seasonal Nt fluxes by lateral seepage varied from 6.8 to 25.6 kg N ha(-1) for urea application rates of 90 to 360 kg N ha(-1). Lateral seepage accounted for 4.7 to 6.6% of the Nt applied, implying that lateral seepage was an important pathway of N loss from near-trench paddy fields. The cumulative N loss via lateral seepage was significantly related to N fertilization rate (P = 0.05). Floodwater level was also identified as a main factor affecting N losses via lateral seepage from paddy fields, as indicated by a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.43) between floodwater level and daily lateral flow during the flooded period (P = 0.05). Under the conditions of these experiments, a shallow floodwater depth of 50 mm, urea application rates of 90 kg N ha(-1) or less, and no rainfall within 1 wk after N application reduced N losses by lateral seepage from paddy fields.     

自我意识的反射—司汤达的爱情和他的小说

爱情在司汤达的生活和创作中都占有极其重要的地位。本文以司汤达的《红与黑》和《红与白》为例，分析司汤达的“自我意识”在小说世界中的映现，将小说中的爱情描写和作家潜在的心理因素结合起来。《红与黑》印证了司汤达的爱情法则，而《红与白》中的爱情则是司汤达本人爱情经历的投射。     

Decomposition of nitrotoluenes from trinitrotoluene manufacturing process by Electro-Fenton oxidation

Oxidative degradation of dinitrotoluene (DNT) isomers and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in spent acid was conducted by Electro-Fenton's reagents. The electrolytic experiments were carried out to elucidate the influence of various operating parameters on the performance of mineralization of total organic compounds (TOC) in spent acid, including reaction temperature, dosage of oxygen, sulfuric acid concentration and dosage of ferrous ions. It deserves to note that organic compounds could be completely destructed by Electro-Fenton's reagent with in situ electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide obtained from cathodic reduction of oxygen, which was mainly supplied by anodic oxidation of water. Based on the spectra analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, it is proposed that initial denitration of 2,4,6-TNT gives rise to formation of 2,4-DNT and/or 2,6-DNT, which undergo the cleavage of nitro group into o-mononitrotoluene, followed by denitration to toluene and subsequent oxidation of the methyl group. Owing to the removal of both TOC and partial amounts of water simultaneously, the electrolytic method established is potentially applied to regenerate spent acid from toluene nitration processes in practice.     

气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器高效快速修复地表水的研究

采用新型蜂窝陶瓷载体气升式内循环反应器(IAL-CHS)对受污染的城市地表水进行生物修复,该反应器能快速有效地修复受污染水体.考查了氨氮的变化历程、HRT与氨氮去除率间的关系,确定了最佳HRT为20 min.在HRT为20 min、接触反应时间仅为14 min条件下,该反应器对氨氮、TP、COD、TOC、浊度、UV254的去除率分别为86.7%～96.2%、4.5%～34.4%、15.5%～63.6%、5.8%～38.1%、9.4%～88.3%、3.8%～48.5%.     

A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlorpyrifos residue determination in Chinese agricultural samples

A monoclonal antibody-based competitive antibody-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and optimized for determining chlorpyrifos residue in agricultural products. The IC₅₀ and IC₁₀ of this ELISA were 3.3 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL respectively. The average recoveries in six agricultural products were between 79.5% and 118.0%, with the intra-assay coefficient of variation being less than 8 %. The limit of detection for all tested products was 30 ng/g. To the best of our knowledge, this assay has the best specificity among all the published research on ELISAs for chlorpyrifos.     

市政污泥深度脱水药剂优化研究简

污泥含水率高影响污泥后续处置。利用化学药剂对污泥进行深度脱水处理可使污泥减量化、稳定化。为提高深度脱水效果，对添加剂进行了种类和添加量的优化研究（石灰、工业石灰、粉煤灰、硅藻土、十二烷基磺酸钠和飞灰；5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%），另外，还进行了复合投加实验。研究结果表明，石灰、工业石灰、粉煤灰的深度脱水效果最好；复合添加中，25%石灰+5%粉煤灰，20%石灰+10%粉煤灰，10%石灰+20%粉煤灰的深度脱水效果最好。5%的石灰或者工业石灰的添加剂量使干化污泥pH值达到12.25，粉煤灰、硅藻土、十二烷基磺酸钠和飞灰的添加对干化污泥pH值影响相对要小。