疏浚过程中的环境影响分析及其对策研究

环保疏浚因能将水体的污染底泥彻底去除,消除影响水质的潜在因素,从而成为治理水体的一项重要措施。但是,环保疏浚工程中扰动污染底泥、污染底泥处置不当等会导致环境的二次污染。各项减少底泥扰动以及底泥的资源化利用技术成为研究热点。减少污染底泥扰动主要是通过改进疏浚设备工艺来实现,目前国内主要采用的环保疏浚设备是绞吸式挖泥船与环保绞刀。底泥的资源化利用不但可以改善其对环境的二次污染,而且可变废为宝,增加资源,目前资源化利用途径主要有土地利用、建筑材料、填方材料、污水处理材料、制氢技术等。     

消油剂与120#燃料油对马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pul-cherrimus)抗氧化酶活性的影响

在溢油事故应急处置中,消油剂的使用备受争议。为探究消油剂和溢油对海洋底栖模式生物海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)复合毒性效应,通过WAFs(Water-accommodated fractions)和CEWAFs(Chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions)的96 h暴露实验,测定海胆肠和性腺中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性的变化。实验结果表明:随油水配比浓度的增加,4种酶活性呈现先升高后降低趋势,且酶活性峰值均极显著高于海水对照组水平(P0.01)。肠中4种酶活性最大诱导倍数均高于性腺。相同暴露浓度下,CEWAFs组4种酶活性诱导程度均高于WAFs组。消油剂对照组和海水对照组间4种酶活性则无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

氰戊菊酯生理毒物代谢动力学模型的建立

利用生理毒物代谢动力学(PBTK)对小鼠静脉注射农药氰戊菊酯后,氰戊菊酯在体内分布转化代谢过程进行模拟,为评价农药暴露风险提供依据。小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的PBTK模型构建分为5个房室:肝脏、肺、肾脏、充分灌注室和不充分灌注室,各房室内氰戊菊酯的浓度变化率由质量守恒微分方程表示。根据欧拉数值计算方法,对小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯后的毒物代谢动力学数据进行模拟。结果模拟预测了小鼠静脉注射0.5 mg·kg-1、2.5 mg·kg-1、10 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯浓度变化曲线。为验证该模型的准确性,对小鼠静脉注射0.77 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯的浓度值变化模拟值与前人的实验测量值进行比较,结果显示模拟值与实验值之间不存在显著性差异。因此利用该方法可以估测小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的毒物代谢动力学数据,为评估农药暴露体内剂量数据提供了便利途径。     

四川省房屋数据空间化及在芦山7.0级地震灾情快速评估中的应用

在四川省城乡布局和经济分区的基础上,通过308个房屋数据抽样点(1 km×1 km)并结合土地利用数据,建立分类的房屋数据空间化模型。将其结果应用到芦山7.0级地震震例中,得到以下结论:灾区毁坏与严重破坏房屋数量591 077间,误差为4.1%;房屋直接经济损失估算259.6~300亿元,误差为4.5%~10.2%;死亡人数误差为26.0%~71.9%;受伤人数误差12.7%~22.3%。结果表明:提出的房屋空间化方法较好地体现了实际房屋分布情况,为建立大区域的房屋空间数据提供了途径。用该数据评估得到的灾区房屋倒损、人员伤亡、经济损失数据有较高的可信度。在此基础上以房屋倒损结构类型和面积为指标划分救援区域,为救援力量的合理部署提供依据。     

Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光解过程中生成的 Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH的浓度变化

以日光灯和金属卤化物灯为主要光源,以Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光化学过程中产生的Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH为主要检测对象,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光解过程中生成的Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH的浓度变化.结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系的光解过程不仅能产生Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH;在丙酮酸钠过量的情况下,光解过程还存在着Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe (Ⅱ)的循环;Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH累积浓度均在pH 3.00时最大;体系的光化学过程中会伴随pH的升高;初始Fe(Ⅲ)浓度和初始丙酮酸钠浓度的提高都有利于Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH累积浓度的提高.     

Research on the drought index of irrigation district with multi-time scales

The empirical mode decomposition method is applied to analyze fluctuating periods and local features of the annual drought index and the drought index in the irrigation and non-irrigation periods from 1956 to 2010 in the Yinchuan irrigation district. In order to understand the uncertainty between these variables, the set pair analysis method is used to present the identity, discrepancy, and contrary of the drought index with multi-time scales. The results reveal that the annual drought index and the drought index in the irrigation and non-irrigation periods have a complex relationship which may be related to El Niño, the air–sea intersection, and the long period of solar activity. The drought index in the irrigation and non-irrigation periods presents mainly the contrary and the discrepancy; the fluctuating shapes of the annual drought index and drought index in the irrigation period are the same on their different period levels. The original annual drought index and its intrinsic mode function components have a certain connection degree; they mainly present the discrepancy.     

Distribution of Hg,As and Se in material and flue gas streams from preheater–precalciner cement kilns and vertical shaft cement kilns in China

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of Hg, As, and Se in cement production. Two types of cement plants were studied, including the vertical shaft kiln (VSK) and preheater–precalciner kiln (PPK) processes. Determination of Hg, As, and Se in the main material and gas streams were performed. It was found that recycling of particulate matter captured by an air pollution control device caused a significant enrichment of Hg and As inside both processes. The total quantity of Hg entering the process and the quantity emitted to the atmosphere were found to be 10–109 and 6.3–38 mg, respectively, per ton of clinker produced. The average Hg emission was calculated to be around 41% of the total mercury input. The emissions found complied with the European Union (EU) limit and exceeded partly the U.S. limit. Furthermore, it was found that oxidized mercury was the dominant species in the PPK process, whereas the reduced form was dominant in the VSK process, due to the oxidizing and reducing gas conditions, respectively. Regarding the distribution of As and Se, the major amounts were bound to the solid materials, that is, cement clinker and particulate matter. Based on cement production data in China in 2013, the annual emissions of Hg and As were estimated to be in the range of 8.6–52 and 4.1–9.5 tons, respectively.

Implications: There are fairly limited studies on Hg, As, and Se measurements from cement manufacturing facilities in China, and even more limited studies on the behavior in vertical shaft kilns. The needs for increased emission reduction efforts in energy-intensive industries are globally recognized, and an improved understanding of the processes ongoing in a cement kilns system is decisive. Since the processes are complex and almost impossible to recreate in the laboratory, field measurements are indeed important. The findings in the present study were solely based on field measurements and the data are considered to be valuable for the further development of emission reduction technology.     

ZnO/Lix Ni1-xO光催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备LixNi1-xO和ZnO粉体,利用球磨法制备ZnO/LixNi1-xO复合粉体,以紫外光为光源,通过降解甲基橙,研究了锂掺杂及n-p复合对氧化镍的光催化性能影响.结果表明:当投放量为0.1 g/L,x≤0.075(摩尔分数)的锂掺杂氧化镍均比未掺杂氧化镍的光催化活性高.当锂掺杂摩尔分数为0.025,...     

从聚醚多元醇工业滤渣中回收聚醚多元醇和磷酸二氢钾

采用革取、分离工艺从生产聚醚多元醇(PPG)的滤渣中回收PPG 和KH2PO4.实验结果表明:用于生产聚氨酯(PU)泡沫包装块和高回弹泡沫制品的PPG 的滤渣适宜采用该工艺回收；本实验最佳工艺条件为KH2 PO4结晶母液与滤渣质量比为2.0,革取温度80 ～ 90 C,革取时间60 ～ 90 min,静置温度80 ～ ...     

石化企业环境管理体系能源管理探讨

分析了石化企业环境管理体系运行中的能源管理现状,结合环境管理体系与能源管理体系关系,依托能源管理体系的思路和方法,对环境管理体系中的能源管理进行了探讨.