试论我国环境税制的完善

在商品经济高度发达的今天,环保事业也逐步走向市场。越来越多的国家开始重视运用经济手段来解决环境危机问题,环境税就是其中倍受青睐的一种手段。我国目前虽已意识到环境税的重要性,但环境税仍是极其薄弱的环节。本文试从分析我国环境税的现状着手,参考国外的先进经验,对完善我国环境税制提出几点建议。     

Technology-side carbon abatement cost curves for China’s power generation sector

China is among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO₂), worldwide Thus, its emissions mitigation is of global concern. The power generation sector is responsible for nearly half of China’s total CO₂ emissions and plays a key role in emissions mitigation. This study is an integrated evaluation of abatement technologies, including both low-carbon power generation technologies and retrofitting options for coal power plants. We draw marginal abatement cost curves for these technologies using the conservation supply curve method. Using scenario analysis for the years 2015 to 2030, we discuss the potential performance of abatement technologies. Marginal costs for the analyzed abatement technologies range from RMB ? 357.41/ton CO₂ to RMB 927.95/ton CO₂. Furthermore, their cumulative mitigation potential relative to the baseline scenario could reach 35 billion tons of CO₂ in 2015–2030, with low-carbon power generation technologies and coal power abatement technologies contributing 55% and 45% of the total mitigation, respectively. Our case study of China demonstrates the power generation sector’s great potential to mitigate global emissions, and we suggest nuclear power, hydropower, and the comprehensive retrofitting of coal power as key technology options for the low-carbon transition of the energy system and long-term emissions mitigation strategies.

     

生态混凝土应用现状

生态混凝土是近年来日益受到关注的新型混凝土材料.它是一种既不破坏环境,又能保护环境,对实现人类与自然环境的协调具有积极作用的特种混凝土.本文介绍了生态混凝土的概念及分类,阐述了生态混凝土的应用现状,指出生态混凝土是一种新型的生态建筑材料,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Application of biofiltration system on AOC removal: column and field studies

The Cheng-Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant (CCLWTP) is the main supplier of domestic water for the Greater Kaohsiung area, the second largest metropolis in Taiwan. Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration is one of the major treatment processes in CCLWTP. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of BAC filtration on water treatment in the studied advanced water treatment plant and its capability on pollutants [e.g., AOC (assimilable organic carbon), bromide, bromate, iron] removal. In this study, water samples from each treatment process of CCLWTP were collected and analyzed periodically to assess the variations in concentrations of AOC and other water quality indicators after each treatment unit. Moreover, the efficiency of biofiltration process using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite as the fillers was also evaluated through a column experiment. Results show that the removal efficiencies for AOC, bromide, bromate, and iron are 86% 100%, 17%, and 30% after the BAC filter bed, respectively. This indicates that BAC filtration plays an important role in pollutant removal. Results also show that AOC concentrations in raw water and effluent of the CCLWTP are approximately 143 and 16 microg acetate-Cl(-1), respectively. This reveals that the treatment processes applied in CCLWTP is able to remove AOC effectively. Results of column study show that the AOC removal efficiencies in the GAC and anthracite columns are 60% and 17%, respectively. Microbial colonization on GAC and anthracite were detected via the observation of scanning electron microscopic images. The observed microorganisms included bacteria (rods, cocci, and filamentous bacteria), fungi, and protozoa. Results from this study provide us insight into the mechanisms of AOC removal by advanced water treatment processes. These findings would be helpful in designing a modified water treatment system for AOC removal and water quality improvement.     

Identification of barley genotypes with low grain Cd accumulation and its interaction with four microelements

The variation in grain cadmium (Cd) concentrations was evaluated among 600 barley genotypes grown in the same field condition to select low Cd accumulating genotypes. The results showed that there is considerable genotypic variation in grain Cd concentrations in barley grain samples, with the mean concentration of 0.16 mg kg(-1) DW and the variation of 0 (not detected) to 1.21 mg kg(-1) DW, and 47.2% of the grain samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Cd in cereal grains. In addition, differences between genotypes over the two years were fairly consistent, and Beitalys and Shang 98-128 showed the lowest grain Cd concentration, being 97.5% lower than that in the two highest Cd accumulators E-barley 6 and Zhenong 8 in the second harvest year. The great genotypic differences in Cd concentrations indicated that it is possible to lower Cd content of barley through cultivar selection and breeding for use at sites where Cd concentration in grain exceeds the MPC. Significant genotypic difference was also found in microelement concentrations. Correlation analysis showed that only Mn accumulation is synergetic with Cd accumulation, despite slightly positive relationship between Cd and Zn, Cu, or Fe in accumulation in barley grains.     

轻型汽车实际行驶工况的排放研究

分别采用GPS和HEX CAN系统,记录了实际道路汽车行驶的瞬时速度和其他相关行驶参数,通过对两组数据进行工况解析,得到了城市汽车实际行驶工况.结果表明,我国的城市道路实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC标准工况相比,平均速度较低,怠速比例较高,加减速比例差别不大,但加减速较小,变化频繁,匀速比例较低.在整车排放试验台架上按得到的实际行驶工况进行排放试验,与ECE EUDC工况的排放试验结果进行对比.分析发现,冷启动时,实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC工况相比,CO排放高35.1%,HC高13.4%,NOx高23.1%; 热启动时,实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC工况相比,CO排放高21.4%,HC高26.3%,NOx高13.1%.研究表明,不论是在冷启动还是热启动状态,实际工况排放状况均与认证工况有一定的差别.因此,采用ECE EUDC工况不能代表不同城市实际车辆的污染排放状况.     

海拔对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能的影响研究

基于大型高海拔环境模拟试验室,通过控制海拔、温度和湿度三个参数,使用带状铜母线和镀锌钢板组成的试验装置,来进行海拔高度对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能试验研究。通过试验数据分析,总结海拔高度对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能的影响规律,对高压电器设备制造及相关标准规范制定提供数据支持。     

消防水幕衰减火灾热辐射的实验研究

通过全尺寸消防水幕衰减火灾热辐射实验,分析了火灾空间烟气温度的分布,探讨了喷头流量和压力、设置高度、喷头类型和布置方式对水幕衰减辐射热能力的影响,获得了不同工况下消防水幕的隔热效率.在此基础上,结合消防水幕的工程设计参数,揭示了消防水幕在不同的设置条件下隔热效率的变化规律.研究结果对于优化消防水幕设计提高隔热效率具有理论和实践上的指导意义.     

石油化工行业发展规划环境影响评价技术要求浅论

行业规划环境影响评价工作目前处于试点阶段,技术要求还在探索中。为推动与规范石油化工行业规划环境影响评价工作,作者从规划环境影响评价目的着手,尝试性地论述了石油化工行业发展规划环境影响评价的基本技术要求,内容包括工作重点、指导思想和工作原则,以及环境影响报告书应包括的主要章节等。