Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的经验介绍

在全球节能减排的宏观政策之下,我国洗涤行业的逐步发展与壮大应符合国家节能减排的整体方向和目标,加强节能减排意识,实施有关节能减排的措施,走可持续发展的道路.本文通过对国外发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的政策、方法和经验的了解和学习,结合我国洗涤行业的实际特点,旨在找到适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路.研究表明,虽然我国洗涤行业还处于快速扩大发展的初期,但我国可以根据自身的具体情况有选择性地借鉴国外发展和节能减排的经验和方法,在此基础上,结合具体实际特点,开拓创新,开发出适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路,在快速扩大发展的同时,与其他行业和领域一同为实现我国的节能减排目标而努力.     

三峡库区库中干流及支流水体夏季二氧化碳分压及扩散通量

以三峡库区库中干流以及主要支流——梅溪河为研究区,于2013年5月对该区域水体中溶解二氧化碳分压(pCO2)进行了走航观测.结果表明,夏季梅溪河表层pCO2为6.8~7.5 Pa,三峡库区库中长江干流表层pCO2为201.4~210.2 Pa.在库区干、支流交汇的过渡区水体剖面上,表层水体pCO2最低为53.5 Pa,随着水深增加,pCO2急剧增大,在3 m处达到约210Pa后基本保持不变.通过计算,库区支流梅溪河和库区干流表层水体的CO2释放通量分别为-7.48 mmol·(m2·d)-1和39.58 mmol·(m2·d)-1.结果表明,库区支流梅溪河表现为大气中CO2的"汇",而库区干流表现为CO2的"源",库区干、支流水体在CO2的释放上有显著差异.     

三峡库区典型干-支流相互作用过程中的营养盐交换:以梅溪河为例

三峡水库建成以后,梅溪河库湾多次发生水华现象,为研究干流水体倒灌对库湾营养盐的影响,于2012年8月至2013年7月对受干流回水影响的梅溪河进行了详细的现场监测.结果表明,三峡水库在不同的水位调度时期,梅溪河库湾水体均表现为分层异向流动;受长江干流倒灌影响,梅溪河库湾营养盐分布季节变化显著,DIN的年倒灌净通量约为5 478.02 t,DIP的年倒灌净通量约为234.04 t,DSi的年倒灌净通量约为5 935.22 t,长江干流每年对梅溪河DIN、DIP、DSi的补给量分别约为源头输入量的2.37倍、4.32倍和1.33倍;干流倒灌对库湾营养盐分布的影响不仅局限在河口区域,对梅溪河中上游的营养盐分布也将造成影响,干流倒灌对库湾P的补给将对库湾P限制起到缓解作用,为藻类的暴发提供必要条件.     

Effects of copper (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of two marine microalgae

In copper based antifouling (AF) paints Cu (I) oxide was largely used as booster biocide. In this study effect of Cu (I) oxide on two marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica and Dunaliella tertiolecta was demonstrated. EC50 (96 hr) concentrations estimated for T. suecica and D. tertiolecta were 1.3 mg l(-1) and 1.34 mg l(-1), respectively. Copper (I) oxide induced changes in growth, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents were observed in T. suecica and D. tertiolecta. At low concentration of 0.0625 mg l(-1), 3-26% and 1-16% growth stimulation was observed in T. suecica and T. tertiolecta respectively. Increasing Cu (I) oxide concentrations proportionately decreased the carbohydrate and protein contents. This study clearly indicates the toxicity of excessive Cu (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of T. suecica and D. tertiolecta.     

A Multi-Channel Continuous Water Toxicity Monitoring System: Its Evaluation and Application to Water Discharged from a Power Plant

A multi-channel continuous water toxicity monitoring system was, after confirming the systems' performance, implemented to samples of water discharged from power plants to detect and classify their toxicity using several recombinant bioluminescent bacteria. Each channel of the system is composed of a series of two mini-bioreactors to enable a continuous operation, i.e., without system interruption due to highly toxic samples. A different recombinant bacterial strain was present in each channel: DPD2540 (fabA::lux CDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), which are induced by cell membrane-, DNA-, and protein-damaging agents, respectively. GC2 (lac::luxCDABE) is a constitutive strain, whose bioluminescence is reduced by an increase in cellular toxicity. Phenol and mitomycin C (MMC) were used for evaluating the system's performance to detect toxic chemicals. These samples were injected into the second mini-bioreactor according to a step or bell-curve manner. The field samples used in this study were obtained from the water discharged from two different power plants in Korea – from a nuclear power plant and a thermo-electronic power plant, and were injected into the second mini-bioreactor to initiate the toxicity test. Each channel showed specific bioluminescent (BL) response profiles due to the toxic compounds present in the water samples. Comparing the BL signals between the standard toxic chemical samples and discharged water samples, the equivalent toxicity of the field water could be estimated. Finally, it was proved that this novel continuous toxicity monitoring system can be used as an alternative tool for the quick monitoring and control of water quality, as well as aid in the setting up of a new monitoring strategy to protect the source of tap water and in the prevention of polluted water discharge.     

东莞市一次空气污染过程成因分析

基于东莞市大气复合污染超级监测站的监测数据,选取2017年12月一次典型空气污染过程,对污染期间气象要素、大气颗粒物组分特征和污染物来源进行综合研究。结果表明,在污染期间,首要污染物为PM_(2.5),日均值为86μg/m3,其主要化学组分依次是OC、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),分别占PM_(2.5)的19.7%,16.1%和14.9%;在不利的气象条件下,本地污染排放和外源输入的一次污染物快速生成二次有机物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐,是造成该次空气污染的主要原因; PM_(2.5)污染主要来源为机动车尾气(27.7%)及二次无机源(19.0%)。     

开拓江苏环保的新天地——记第三届中华环境奖获得者史振华

面对环保工作蓬勃发展的新形势，他锐意进取，在环境保护的机制、体制、制度等方面矢志创新；面对环保工作长期性、复杂性和艰巨性的严峻现实，他百折不挠，开拓出环境保护的一片艳阳天；面对广大群众对改善环境的热切期盼，他执政为民，千方百计解决老百姓身边的热点难点问题；身居环保厅长的高位，他廉洁自律，在广大干部职工中树立起了“率先垂范”的榜样。[编者按]     

建设项目职业病危害评价中的关键问题探讨

在我国现有的建设项目职业病危害评价相关的法规标准中,有许多不够清晰和明确之处。技术改造和改建、扩建项目的辅助设施评价的范围界定不明确,建设项目建设过程中以及外包或转包工作中的职业危害评价,临时聘用人员的职业健康体检与培训等没有包括在评价范围之内。另外,相关的法规标准中,存在制定的接触限值标准的覆盖面有限,检测标准不配套,定量评价方法较为薄弱,部分符合标准的很难简单地评价结论等问题。针对存在的问题,该文进行分析,并提出使之完善的建议,以切实落实《职业病防治法》,真正保障从业人员的身体健康。