福建省安全生产与经济社会发展关系研究

安全生产是一个国家或地区经济社会发展过程中必然面临的一个课题.通过统计分析福建省经济社会发展相关指标及安全生产事故相关指标,分析了安全生产与经济社会发展之间的联系,论述了两者的辩证统一关系.     

Numerical simulation of hydrogen–air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios

An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious.     

矿化垃圾混配种植介质的盆栽实验研究

矿化垃圾营养成分和有机质含量较高,但含有重金属和盐分.为了解矿化垃圾的施加比例对植物的生长影响以及植物对矿化垃圾混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收和重金属的富集,将矿化垃圾和本地绿化土按照不同比例混配,研究混配种植介质的理化性质的改善条件、矿化垃圾对植物体内的生物量和叶绿素含量的影响、植物对混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收量以及植物体内各种重金属累积浓度,探索矿化垃圾的最佳施用比例.实验结果表明,矿化垃圾可改善上海本地土壤贫瘠的普遍状况,其添加质量分数在50%～75%合适,对植物生长有利.     

脱水污泥制备含炭吸附剂及其应用研究

采用热解炭化法、物理活化法、化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究各种影响污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能的因素.实验结果表明,采用化学活化法制得的污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能最好,在以ZnCl2为活化剂、锯末添加剂投加量为脱水污泥质量的1%、ZnCl2为3 mol/L、活化温度为450 ℃、活化时间为1.5 h、固液质量比(干污泥与活化剂溶液的质量比)为1:4的最佳制备条件下,制得的污泥含炭吸附剂碘吸附值在520 mg/g以上,产物收率>60%,比表面积>230 m2/g,总孔容积为0.35 mL/g,其中微孔容积为0.08 mL/g,中孔容积为0.23 mL/g.利用其处理城市污水,其对COD、色度、TP的去除率好于选定的商品颗粒活性炭.     

不同加碱量下爆破制浆的源强试验研究

为了解爆破制浆的排污情况和废水处理的可行性,以烧碱和石灰作投加药剂,进行了不同加碱量条件下爆破制浆产生源强的试验研究,以确定最佳的加碱量和适宜的黑液提取率.研究表明,在加碱量相同的情况下,采用常规爆破浆样,浆样性能较好;在保持吨粗干浆产生的COD一致时,投加价格低廉的石灰,既能降低生产成本,又便于后续的废水处理;工程调试运行结果表明,控制吨粗干浆的石灰投加量为25～30 kg时,黑液提取率超过80%,最终出水COD<100 mg/L.     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理染料废水过程中细胞结构损伤效应研究

利用透射电子显微镜观察分析白腐真菌(黄孢原毛平革菌)在处理染料废水活性艳红X-3B过程中,染料和盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌的细胞结构产生的毒性作用.结果表明:活性艳红X-3B染料对黄孢原毛平革菌产生生物毒性作用,且随着染料浓度的增加,细胞受损伤程度不断加深.加入100 mg/L的染料活性艳红X-3B后,黄孢原毛平革菌菌丝细胞形态发生变化,出现质壁分离现象;染料浓度进一步加大,菌丝细胞超微结构受到损伤逐渐严重.染料废水中的盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞也会造成损伤,且损伤程度随盐度增大而增大.NaCl浓度为3 g/L时,菌丝细胞发生质壁分离;而当NaCl加入量高于8 g/L时,细胞膜受损,线粒体、细胞核呈现空泡化,表现为受到不可逆的损伤.染料和盐双因子对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞的损伤效应表现为其损伤程度与单因子作用一致,且染料的影响作用占主导.     

二氧化铅电极的制备、表征及其电催化性能研究

以电沉积法制备了Ti/PbO2和Ti/MnO2/PbO22种电极.采用SEM、XRD和XPS等分析方法表征了电极的形貌、元素组成及元素化学态,并以罗丹明B为目标有机物,考察了所制备电极的析氧极化曲线和电催化活性以及Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的循环伏安曲线.研究结果表明,Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的稳定性、使用寿命、析氧电位和电催化活性较Ti/PbO2电极都有所提高,并且罗丹明B在Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极上的反应主要发生在析氧反应区,且反应不可逆.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

区域水战略方案选优的动态组合评价模型研究

水安全危机是人类进入新世纪以来在生存及发展方面所面临的最严重挑战之一。研究科学合理的水安全战略成为区域可持续发展的重大课题。针对区域水战略问题涉及众多因素且各因素之间动态关联的特点,提出了基于水战略方案优选的兼容度极大化动态组合评价模型（CMM—DCEM）,并将其成功地应用于我国广东省北江下游及其三角洲地区水安全战略方案优选评价。评价结果及模型基于不确定性的敏感性分析结果证明：CMM—DCEM实现了主、客观赋权方法以及单一评价模型的融合,使用实码加速遗传算法求解目标函数,克服了传统的组合评价方法计算繁琐的不足,评价过程更加科学合理。