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31.
Effect of limited aeration on the anaerobic treatment of evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Serious inhibition was found in the regular up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor in treating the evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill, which contained high strength sulfur compounds. After applying the direct limited aeration in the UASB, the inhibition was alleviated gradually and the activity of the microorganisms was recovered. The COD removal rate increased from 40% to 80% at the organic loading rate of 8kgCODm(-3)d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 12h. Limited aeration caused no oxygen inhibition to the anaerobic microorganisms but instigated sulfide oxidization and H(2)S removal, which was beneficial to the methanogens. The experiment confirmed the feasibility of applying limited aeration in the anaerobic reactor to alleviate the sulfide inhibition. It also proved that the anaerobic system was actually aerotolerant. SEM observation showed that the predominant microorganisms partly changed from rod-shaped methanogens to cocci after the UASB reactor was aerated. 相似文献
32.
Haruna Amano Toshiaki Fujita Naoshi Hiramatsu Sayumi Sawaguchi Takahiro Matsubara Craig V. Sullivan Akihiko Hara 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1215-1225
Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) is a corallivorous gastropod that lives and feeds on several species of scleractinian coral in the Western Atlantic
and Caribbean. Previous studies of C. abbreviata have revealed that snails on branching acroporid corals are larger and consume more tissue than those on massive and plating
corals. To ascertain whether snail life-history and fitness are differentially affected by the coral host, an analysis of
the age structure and female reproductive output of snail populations on three coral host taxa (Acropora palmata, Diploria spp., and Montastraea spp.) was conducted at four shallow (2–7 m depth) reef sites off Key Largo, Florida in June through August, 2004. Snails
were, on average, almost twice as large on A. palmata than on Diploria spp. and Montastraea spp., averaging 30.3 mm shell length, compared to 17.2 and 17.6 mm, respectively. Brood size increased as a power function
with female shell length. Females on A. palmata were significantly larger than females on the other two hosts and, therefore, produced more offspring per female. The number
of growth striae on the inner surface of the operculum was used to estimate snail age. Estimates of growth rate were obtained
by fitting the Gompertz growth function to size-at-age plots and mortality was estimated using growth parameters and size-frequency
data. The data suggest that C. abbreviata inhabiting A. palmata are larger than on alternative hosts due to a combination of a faster growth rate and longer life-span. The species is believed
to be a protandrous hermaphrodite. The timing of sex change varied among hosts; snails on A. palmata changed sex later at larger sizes relative to those on the other two hosts. Based on these results, it seems probable that
C. abbreviata has developed reaction norms for life-history traits, allowing snails to adjust and maximize fitness in the different environments
associated with various coral hosts. 相似文献
33.
Niksa S Fujiwara N Fujita Y Tomura K Moritomi H Tuji T Takasu S 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(8):894-901
This paper evaluates an elementary reaction mechanism for Hg0 oxidation in coal-derived exhausts consisting of a previously formulated homogeneous mechanism with 102 steps and a new three-step heterogeneous mechanism for unburned carbon (UBC) particles. Model predictions were evaluated with the extents of Hg oxidation monitored in the exhausts from a pilot-scale coal flame fired with five different coals. Exhaust conditions in the tests were very similar to those in full-scale systems. The predictions were quantitatively consistent with the reported coal-quality impacts over the full range of residence times. The role of Cl atoms in the homogeneous mechanism is hereby supplanted with carbon sites that have been chlorinated by HCl. The large storage capacity of carbon for Cl provided a source of Cl for Hg oxidation over a broad temperature range, so initiation was not problematic. Super-equilibrium levels of Cl atoms were not required, so Hg was predicted to oxidize in systems with realistic quench rates. Whereas many fundamental aspects of the heterogeneous chemistry remain uncertain, the information needed to characterize Hg oxidation in coal-derived exhausts is now evident: complete gas compositions (CO, hydrocarbons, H2O, O2 NOx, SOx), UBC properties (size, total surface area), and the ash partitioning throughout the exhaust system are required. 相似文献
34.
The present study aimed to resolve the question why marine Synechococcus spp. abundantly occur even at the bottom of the euphotic zone in the Kuroshio are. Photosynthesis under such conditions was examined using simulated blue-green model light (BGL). Results indicated that photosynthesis of marine Synechococcus spp. under BGL is as active enough to support growth of these organisms. Examination of light-harvesting under BGL indicated that active photosynthesis is permitted by an unusually high abundance of phycoerythrin (PE), which is the main light-harvesting pigment for photosystem II (PSII), due to a phycobilisome (PBS) structure which is different from ordinary hemidiscoidals. Although the absorption maximum of PE is located at longer wavelengths than the energy maximum of BGL, PE was found to absorb BGL significantly. Thus, BGL cannot be a typical photosystem I (PSI) light. PSII is also significantly excited by BGL. Carotenoids, which largely absorb BGL, were found to be effective in light-harvesting for PSI. Based on the results obtained, possible reasons why marine Synechococcus spp. commonly occur in warm waters were discussed. Two strains of Synechococcus spp. isolated from the Gulf Stream in 1981 and from Kuroshio, Japan in 1983 were used in the present study. 相似文献
35.
Satellite Tracking of White-naped Crane Migration and the Importance of the Korean Demilitarized Zone 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Hiroyoshi Higuchi Kiyoaki Ozaki Go Fujita Jason Minton Mutsuyuki Ueta Masaki Soma Nagahisa Mita 《Conservation biology》1996,10(3):806-812
Satellite-tracking of 15 White-naped Cranes ( Grus vipio ) from their Japanese wintering grounds through the Korean Peninsula shows that there are four important regions for conserving migrant cranes: the Three Rivers Plain, the People's Republic of China; Lake Khanka, Russia; Kumya, North Korea; and—most importantly—the demilitarized zone of the Korean Peninsula. Two sites along the Korean demilitarized zone, Panmunch'om and Ch'olwon, were the most heavily used stopover sites, and they present complex international conservation challenges. Cranes stopped at these sites for up to 87.1% of their total migration time; cranes migrating to Zhalong Nature Reserve, China, made it their only lengthy stop. We report the migration routes and the importance of the identified stopover sites, and we outline conservation issues at those sites. 相似文献
36.
Trials for determination of culture conditions for the marine cyanophytes of Trichodesmium erythraeum and T. thiebautii were made with use of a synthetic medium. The Aquil medium, either with or without combined nitrogen, brought about stable growth of the two strains, T. erythraeum and T. thiebautii. However, they failed to grow in an ASP7 medium. The failure was found to be due to the toxic effect of Tris-aminomethane, the pH-buffer in this medium. Two important chemical conditions for the stable growth of Trichodesmium spp. were revealed. (1) Stable growth was supported by Ca2+ at high concentrations; in a concentration lower than 0.9 mM, cell-lysis promptly occurred, while the cells could grow without cell-lysis at Ca2+ concentrations higher than 7.5 mM even at a salinity as low as 19 S. Ca2+ is probably essential for the osmotic regulation in this organism. (2) Phosphate-toxicity at high concentrations was at least partly due to heavy metal(s) contaminating the reagent of inorganic phosphate. After treatment with a Chelex-100 column, phosphate concentration could be increased up to four times the previous concentrations without toxicity. 相似文献
37.
Yasunori Ohtsu Ryuzo Yamada Hiroshi Urasaki Tatsuya Misawa Sebastian Popescu Hiroharu Fujita 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(1):25-29
It is necessary to develop a medical waste management system featuring nonburning treatment and safety functions for small
medical institutions. In this article, the development of a waste management system without oxygen injection was achieved
by means of hybrid heating using microwave energy and an electric heater. The shape of the microwave reactor was a rectangular
parallelepiped with a volume of about 0.1 m3. In the experimental setup, microwave energy (2.45 GHz, about 800 W) was injected from the top of the reactor, while the
heater (about 1 kW) was located at the bottom. Heat insulators were set into all the walls of the reactor. The gases generated
in the system were vented through water and activated carbon. Five paper-based diapers with absorbed water were used as the
waste sample. For the evaluation of performance, the reduction rate was defined as the ratio (in percent) of the weight before
and after treatment. The reduction rate as a function of treatment time and the effect of the position of the waste in the
reactor on the reduction rate and the uniformity of treatment were examined for about 3 kg of waste. It was found that the
reduction rate reached as low as 4.2% at 3 h and then 3% after 8 h. The treated profile strongly depended on the position
of the waste in the reactor. In particular, it was clarified that a metal cylindrical enclosure and a needle electrode played
an important role in attaining uniform treatment of the waste. 相似文献
38.
Ichiro Naruse Ryo Yoshiie Tsutomu Kameshima Tsuyoshi Takuwa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(2):154-160
Homogeneous oxidation reactions of gaseous elemental mercury were experimentally tested to study the behavior of mercury compounds
that contribute to toxic emissions in combustion flue gas. Chemical equilibrium calculations and reaction kinetics analysis
were also carried out to help explain the experimental results. In particular, the chemical forms of oxidized mercury and
their reaction paths were verified in detail. Among the experimental results, molecular chlorine was confirmed to have a higher
oxidizing ability toward elemental mercury than hydrogen chloride does. From the chemical equilibrium calculation, the final
product of mercury compounds oxidized by chlorine was confirmed to be mercury chloride (HgCl2). Numerical analyses of reaction kinetics were mostly consistent with the experimental results and the chemical equilibrium
calculations. The ratio of mercury oxidization by chlorine increases with temperature from 473 K to 873 K, although it decreases
at temperatures higher than 1000 K. Sensitivity analysis revealed the dominant reaction path of the mercury oxidation by chlorine.
First, elemental mercury reacts with Cl radicals to form HgCl. Then, the HgCl reacts with Cl2 to produce HgCl2. 相似文献
39.
Yong Geng Zuoxi Liu Bing Xue Huijuan Dong Tsuyoshi Fujita Anthony Chiu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(23):13572-13587
Industrial symbiosis is the sharing of services, utility, and by-product resources among industries. This is usually made in order to add value, reduce costs, and improve the environment, and therefore has been taken as an effective approach for developing an eco-industrial park, improving resource efficiency, and reducing pollutant emission. Most conventional evaluation approaches ignored the contribution of natural ecosystem to the development of industrial symbiosis and cannot reveal the interrelations between economic development and environmental protection, leading to a need of an innovative evaluation method. Under such a circumstance, we present an emergy analysis-based evaluation method by employing a case study at Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (SETDZ). Specific emergy indicators on industrial symbiosis, including emergy savings and emdollar value of total emergy savings, were developed so that the holistic picture of industrial symbiosis can be presented. Research results show that nonrenewable inputs, imported resource inputs, and associated services could be saved by 89.3, 32.51, and 15.7 %, and the ratio of emergy savings to emergy of the total energy used would be about 25.58 %, and the ratio of the emdollar value of total emergy savings to the total gross regional product (GRP) of SETDZ would be 34.38 % through the implementation of industrial symbiosis. In general, research results indicate that industrial symbiosis could effectively reduce material and energy consumption and improve the overall eco-efficiency. Such a method can provide policy insights to industrial park managers so that they can raise appropriate strategies on developing eco-industrial parks. Useful strategies include identifying more potential industrial symbiosis opportunities, optimizing energy structure, increasing industrial efficiency, recovering local ecosystems, and improving public and industrial awareness of eco-industrial park policies. 相似文献
40.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in China warrants particular attention as China has become the largest MSW generator in the world and the total amount of MSW it produces continues to increase. In recent years, central and local governments have made great efforts to improve MSWM in China. New regulations and policies have been issued, urban infrastructure has been improved, and commercialization and international cooperation have been encouraged. Considering these developments, an overview is necessary to analyze the current state as well as new opportunities and challenges regarding MSWM in China. This paper shows that since the late 1990s, the amount of MSW collected has been largely decoupled from economic growth and incineration has become an increasingly widespread treatment method for MSW. We identify and discuss four major challenges and barriers related to China’s MSWM, and propose an integrated management framework to improve the overall eco-efficiency of MSWM. 相似文献