Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.     

丙烯腈诱导的氧化应激对大鼠肝脏内质网应激信号通路的影响

为探讨丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)诱导的大鼠肝脏氧化损伤对内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)信号通路的影响,我们将50只SPF级成年雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为5组,每组10只。各组分别以12.5、25.0、50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN灌胃染毒,N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)干预组先用300.0 mg·kg~(-1)NAC灌胃30 min后再灌50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN,对照组以0.5 mL·(100 g)~(-1)的玉米油灌胃,1次·天~(-1),6天·周~(-1),共计13周。染毒结束后,检测肝脏组织氧化还原酶活力及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,GRP78、CHOP及caspase-12 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果显示:低、中ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);低ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH-Px活力、SOD活力及MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);中、高ACN组大鼠肝脏CAT活力明显低于对照组(P0.05)。NAC干预后可逆转ACN诱导的大鼠肝脏GSH含量、MDA含量及SOD活力的变化。RT-PCR结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05)。NAC干预后,CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与高ACN组比较均降低(P0.05)。Western Blot结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12蛋白表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05),NAC干预后可逆转以上作用。结果表明,ACN慢性染毒对大鼠肝脏的氧化损伤可激活ERS信号通路,NAC可减轻氧化损伤的程度而阻断ERS信号通路,这可能是ACN产生肝脏毒性的机制之一。     

定性与定量评估4种重金属及2种农药混合物对费氏弧菌的毒性相互作用

重金属与农药共同暴露产生的联合毒性作用可以对实际环境产生潜在的风险。为了研究重金属与农药混合物在不同浓度比毒性相互作用(协同、拮抗与加和)及其定量评估相互作用大小,根据单个物质无观测浓度(NOEC)、5%效应浓度(EC5)、10%效应浓度(EC10)和50%效应浓度(EC50),设计3组混合物体系(即农药-农药、重金属-重金属和农药-重金属)分别按NOEC、EC5、EC10和EC50浓度比的12条混合物射线,测试单个化合物及混合物对以费氏弧菌的发光抑制急性毒性,利用浓度加和(CA)、独立作用(IA)、模型偏差比(MDR)及其观测值置信区间定性和定量评估12条混合物射线的毒性相互作用。结果表明,农药-农药二元混合物体系和农药-重金属六元混合物体系均产生明显的协同作用,其中农药-农药混合物体系中,混合物射线EE-NOEC在50%效应下协同作用大小达到30.6(MDRCA和MDRIA数值);混合物射线EE5、EE10的协同作用大小接近于混合物射线EE-NOEC,混合物射线EE50的效应大于15%时CA和IA计算的MDR值均在置信区间上限的上方,即混合物发生协同作用;农药-重金属混合物体系的4条混合物射线EE-NOEC、EE5、EE10和EE50在所有测试浓度水平的MDR值均在置信区间上限的上方,呈现出明显的协同作用;在50%效应下,混合物射线EE-NOEC、EE5、EE10和EE50的MDRCA和MDRIA值分别为4.05和4.91、6.12和7.98、3.70和4.60、2.62和2.59。重金属-重金属四元混合物体系除了EC50浓度比混合物表现出拮抗作用,其余混合物在所有测试浓度范围的MDR值均在置信区间范围内,均为加和作用。因此,混合物的毒性相互作用大小随着组分浓度比变化而发生变化。     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

Enhanced heterogeneous Fenton-like activity by Cu-doped BiFeO<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskite for degradation of organic pollutants

Heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction has been extensively investigated to eliminate refractory organic contaminants in wastewater, but it usually shows low catalytic performance due to difficulty in reduction from Fe(III) to Fe(II). In this study, enhanced catalytic efficiency was obtained by employing Cu-doped BiFeO₃ as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts, which exhibited higher catalytic performance toward the activation of H₂O₂ for phenol degradation than un-doped BiFeO₃. BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ displayed the best performance, which yielded 91% removal of phenol (10 mg L^–1) in 120 min. The pseudo first-order kinetic rate constant of phenol degradation in BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction was 5 times higher than those of traditional heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts, such as Fe₃O₄ and goethite. The phenol degradation efficiency could still reach 83% after 4 cycles, which implied the good stability of BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃. The high catalytic activity of BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ was attributed to the fact that the doping Cu into BiFeO₃ could promote the generation of Fe(II) in the catalyst and then facilitate the activation of H₂O₂ to degrade the organic pollutants.

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内爆炸下肋环型球面钢网壳的泄爆阈值研究

利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立包含TNT炸药、网壳杆件、梁、柱、地面、围护结构(墙面和屋面)以及连接构件在内的单层肋环型球壳在内部中心爆炸下的数值模型。基于该模型,计算分析TNT炸药量和连接构件抗拉刚度的变化对墙面和屋面破坏模式的影响。将墙面和屋面的破坏模式进行归纳分类,通过提取围护结构表面有限测点的冲击波压力,得到不同破坏模式下结构的极限冲击波超压值ΔPlimf(泄爆阈值)。研究结果表明:连接构件抗拉刚度和TNT炸药量对墙面和屋面的破坏有较大影响,TNT炸药量一定时,连接构件抗拉刚度越大,围护结构破坏程度越低;基于墙面和屋面的破坏模式所建立的泄爆阈值与连接构件抗拉刚度的变化范围可为工程泄爆设计提供有效参考。     

Release of elements from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The element-release behavior of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash was explored through leaching test with continuous set-point pH (pH_stat test) and serial single reaction cell (SSRC) tests. First, the relationship between element release and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) consumption was examined with a pH_stat test. Four types of release behaviors were identified which are characteristic for different elements: (1) release curves that were almost linear with ANC consumption (Ca, Zn, and Cd); (2) release that was significantly faster than ANC (Na, K, and Cl); (3) curves that featured a strong increase with ANC consumption, after a transient release, followed by an almost equal decrease (Si and S); and (4) release that is strongly retarded compared with ANC consumption (Cr, Cu, and Pb). In the SSRC system, it the existence of a pH front and a wash-out phenomenon is demonstrated. Combining the results from the SSRC test with the kinetic analysis of the ANC system in the pH_stat test, it was inferred that less than one-third of the ANC measured from a batch pH titration plays a neutralization role in a field situation. The methodologies described may provide a powerful set of tools for systematic evaluation of element release from solid wastes.     

气体钻井突发性井壁失稳动力演化机理及试验研究

从致密砂岩损伤破坏的角度出发,综合考虑致密砂岩的物理力学性质、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压等因素,在分析孔隙压力、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压在突发性井壁失稳过程中所起的作用基础上,将气体钻井突发性井壁失稳具有强烈时间效应的动态力学过程分为孕育、突变、井筒运移和终止4个阶段。对裂缝圈闭高压、地应力作用下致密砂岩的加速损伤演化引起的突发性井壁失稳机理进行了阐述,裂缝圈闭高压是突发性井壁失稳的主要动力源,地应力对突发性井壁失稳起辅助作用。通过模拟实验表明,受地应力破坏后的致密砂岩岩体在有裂缝情况下,卸压初始时刻释放的能量是无裂缝时的5~10倍,且该能量与动力学失稳密切相关。     

中外垃圾土体渗透系数试验对比分析

从试验数据、试验方法 2个方面总结归纳了关于现有垃圾填埋场渗透系数的国内外试验,并且通过对比国内外渗透系数的一系列试验成果,分析了国内外渗透系数试验在基础数据、试验方法多样性方面的优劣。以此为基点,对未来国内岩土工程发展方向提出了建议。