排污权有偿使用政策的寻租博弈分析

现行的环境规制为政府部门和企业提供了过多的寻租空间,可能使得环境管理效果和政策公信度下降,导致社会总福利受损,公众的利益被牺牲,因此应当对寻租行为采取积极有效的防范措施.本文系统分析了排污权有偿使用政策制定、实施和延续全过程中可能存在的寻租途径,包括游说政府,逃离管制范围,占有配额,拖延缴费,降低核定量和再分配收益.针对三种造成环境质量下降的逃避付费类寻租行为构建了政府、排污企业和公众的三方博弈模型,论证了寻租行为必然带来社会总福利的下降,并用逆推归纳法得到公众参与下环保局和企业的寻租期望值,筛选出了公众举报率,举报成本,企业违法成本,寻租成本等对企业寻租决策影响较大的因素.从完善法规制度和鼓励公众参与两个方面,对减少排污权有偿使用政策中企业的寻租动力,从根本上消除寻租行为提出了相应的政策建议.     

美国加州空气质量政府管理模式及对中国的启示

中国城市空气污染呈区域化和恶化趋势,亟需突破当前空气质量管理模式的制约.从管理体制和管理内容两方面对美国空气质量政府管理模式的先进经验进行了分析,并与北京市空气质量管理模式进行了初步比较,得出中国空气质量政府管理模式缺乏外部性的考虑；政府部门内部机构按照行政管理过程划分,导致管理成本偏高；决策机制与执行机制未分离,影响行政效率；对污染源的管理不专业；缺乏信息公开和公众参与等问题.建议成立空气质量管理分局,对固定源实行排污许可证管理,对移动源实行统一综合管理,细化面源的管理,建立空气质量管理信息公开平台.     

能源流视角下村落尺度能源消费结构比较及环境效应研究：基于河南省邑西里村、杨家村及山东省东桥头村的调查分析

加强村落尺度能源消费活动及其环境效应研究是实现农村能源可持续转型及绿色发展精细化治理的前提。但目前该领域存在明显知识空白，其原因在于缺乏基础数据和系统化数据采集体系及集成分析方法。基于对河南省邑西里村、杨家村以及山东省东桥头村的实地调研和半结构式访谈，采用定性和定量结合的方法开展能源消费活动及环境效应比较研究。结果表明：（1）村落尺度能源消费具有显著空间分异特征。邑西里村、杨家村和东桥头村人均能源消费量分别为505 kgce、889 kgce和1139 kgce；由能源消费产生的温室气体与污染物的种类分别为CO₂、CH₄、SO₂、N₂O、NO_x和TSP，单个家庭CO₂的产生量在2000—4000 kg；CH₄、SO₂、TSP和NO_x的排放量基本在1—5 kg；N₂O的排放量均在100 g以下。（2）居民生活环境和炊事供暖是影响村域能源消费的主要因素。其在邑西里村、杨家村和东桥头村的总用能占比分别为50.10%、79.08%和77.61%。（3）能源来源及消费结构具有明显的区位属性特征。杨家村距离市区较近，天然气成为当地居民的主要来源；邑西里村和东桥头村离市区较远，则以电力和煤炭为主。未来乡村地区的发展应该与当地的地域特征相结合，构建具有地方化特征的发展策略，实现农村能源的低碳健康发展。     

Analysis on the Evolution of Regional Economic Disparity in the West Coast of the Strait

With the implementation of reform and opening-up, the overall economy of China has made brilliant achievements; meanwhile, however, the economic disparity has been enlarging among some regions, and between the city and the countryside. The existence and evolution of this kind of economic disparity is concerned with social stability, sustainable development and the construction of harmonious society, which has gradually become the hotspot in social economic development. The West Coast of the Strait （WCS） located in southeast littoral areas is adjacent to the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta in the south and north and faces Taiwan Province in the east. The stability and development of this region has vital political and economic meaning in the social economic development of our country. It has important theoretical meaning and practical value to research the form, characteristics and evolution of regional economic disparity in the WCS. Based on insightful analysis on existing study results on the WCS, the paper defines the connotation and extension. By a series of absolute and comparative relative evaluation indexes and taking the WCS since 1992 as the study object, the paper makes analysis on different scales including three regions, four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties, quantitatively evaluates the level, characteristics and evolution of the regional economic disparity and compares the regional economic disparity on different scales. The main conclusions are as follows： the variation trend of the absolute disparity of the whole region is obvious and stable, which has presented an inflating trend; the comparative variation trend on a large scale has waved, The comparative disparity of the three regions increased annually from 1992 to around 2000, which had a decreasing trend from around 2000 to 2005; the comparative variation trend on a small scale was not stable, which showed an annual increase of four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties from 1992 to around 2003 and a decrease from around 2003 to 2005; the     

Degradation of Ni–EDTA complex by Fenton reaction and ultrasonic treatment for the removal of Ni<Superscript>2+</Superscript> ions

It is difficult to meet the increasingly stringent environmental regulations by the application of conventional precipitation processes treating complex heavy metal wastewaters. We studied the potential of a new method for removing heavy metals from metal–EDTA wastewater by Fenton reaction followed by hydroxide precipitation. This process is referred to as Fenton reaction-hydroxide precipitation (FR-HP) process. This study investigated the use of FR-HP and ultrasonic/FR-HP processes for the removal of Ni(II) from Ni–EDTA wastewater. The results indicate that ultrasonic/FR-HP process is more effective for the removal of nickel ions than FR-HP process.     

石化企业苯泄漏检测影响因素实验研究

为考察石化企业含苯物质泄漏检测结果的影响因素,在不同风速、不同苯浓度和不同检测距离的条件下,对苯泄漏检测结果影响因素进行了实验研究.结果表明,在距离泄漏源20,50,100,200cm处均未检测到苯的浓度,只在距离泄漏源5cm处检测到了数据;当风速一定时,泄漏气体浓度越大,泄漏检测结果越大,检测结果达到峰值所用时间越短;当泄漏气体浓度一定时,风速越大,泄漏检测结果越小,检测结果达到峰值所用时间越短.     

“中国式过马路”行为的意愿研究

为分析"中国式过马路"行为深层次原因,以有效纠正和预防这种行为,从犯罪心理学角度,运用犯罪学领域中威慑理论和中和技术理论,分析行人过马路闯红灯时对中和技术的运用,以及正式惩罚和非正式惩罚在日常规范行人过马路行为中的具体应用。在此基础上,提出研究假设,运用结构方程模型(SEM)方法构建理论模型,并设计、发放问卷,收集数据,进行实证研究。结果表明:中和技术理论对行人过马路闯红灯行为的意愿有显著正向影响,正式惩罚、羞愧惩罚有显著负向影响,而非正式惩罚影响不明显。     

高校突发事件应急管理能力成熟度模型研究

借鉴软件开发过程能力成熟度模型(CMM),以高校突发事件应急管理过程为依据,构建应急管理能力成熟度模型,研究模型等级划分和特征及相应的关键过程域、关键实践,应用变权方法和模糊理论建立量化的能力成熟度等级测度方法.结合西部某高校突发事件应急管理现状,对其应急管理能力成熟度等级进行测度,结果表明方法合理、有效,可为改善和提升高校突发事件应急管理能力、促进应急管理体系高效化、系统化和规范化提供参考.     

Modeling Nutrient Release in the Tai Lake Basin of China: Source Identification and Policy Implications

Because nutrient enrichment has become increasingly severe in the Tai Lake Basin of China, identifying sources and loads is crucial for watershed nutrient management. This paper develops an empirical framework to estimate nutrient release from five major sectors, which requires fewer input parameters and produces acceptable accuracy. Sectors included are industrial manufacturing, livestock breeding (industrial and family scale), crop agriculture, household consumption (urban and rural), and atmospheric deposition. Results show that in the basin (only the five sectors above), total nutrient loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into aquatic systems in 2008 were 33043.2 tons N a^?1 and 5254.4 tons P a^?1, and annual area-specific nutrient loads were 1.94 tons N km^?2 and 0.31 tons P km^?2. Household consumption was the major sector having the greatest impact (46 % in N load, 47 % in P load), whereas atmospheric deposition (18 %) and crop agriculture (15 %) sectors represented other significant proportions of N load. The load estimates also indicate that 32 % of total P came from the livestock breeding sector, making it the second largest phosphorus contributor. According to the nutrient pollution sectors, six best management practices are selected for cost-effectiveness analysis, and feasible options are recommended. Overall, biogas digester construction on industrial-scale farms is proven the most cost-effective, whereas the building of rural decentralized facilities is the best alternative under extreme financial constraint. However, the reduction potential, average monetary cost, and other factors such as risk tolerance of policy makers should all be considered in the actual decision-making process.     

Evaluation of process safety indicators collected in conformance with ANSI/API Recommended Practice 754

At the request of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), we examined some of the possible uses of the process safety event metrics proposed by the American Petroleum Institute and published as ANSI/API Recommended Practice 754. We examined many sources to try to estimate what the likely number of Tier 1 and Tier 2 process safety events would be at refineries. Then we calculated the statistical power that would be available to compare rates, both over time and across facilities and firms. As Tier 1 and Tier 2 are defined, it appears that the event frequencies estimated for U.S. refineries (i.e., 0.12 per 100 employees for Tier 1 and 0.26 for Tier 2) would make it unlikely that even two-fold differences in the rates would be statistically significant, except at large refineries with several thousand workers.