高铁酸盐处理有机废水的研究进展

综述了高铁酸盐去除水中藻类、细菌、烃类衍生物、药品、农药、染料等有机污染物的国内外最新研究进展,并对高铁酸盐的高效利用进行了探讨。高铁酸盐可破坏藻类和细菌细胞的完整性,将大分子芳香烃衍生物氧化为低毒的小分子中间体,将小分子链烃衍生物矿化,破坏药品、农药及染料的不饱和双键。无机矿物在溶液中负载高铁酸盐或将高分子有机物与固体高铁酸盐混合造粒,将是高铁酸盐高效利用领域的研究热点。     

Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall in major cities of China: Spatial distribution and temporal variability

Based on environmental monitoring data in 93 major cities and meteorological records at 398 weather stations in China from 1981 to 2007, total suspended particle (TSP) concentration, the intensity of dustfall, and sand and dust storm frequency (F_d) were analysed. During the past 27 years, the annual average TSP concentration (C_TSP) in 93 cities was 402 μg m^?3. Annual average C_TSP decreased from the north to the south and from inland to the coast areas with a peak value of 628.8 μg m^?3 in Lanzhou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average C_TSP was 628.7, 319.2, and 250.1 μg m^?3, respectively. Annual average intensity of dustfall (I_d) was 240.5 t km^?2 a^?1, decreased from northern to southern China and from inland to the coast areas with the maximum value of 717.2 t km^?2 a^?1 in Baotou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average I_d was 334.8, 220.9, 146 t km^?2 a^?1 respectively. Annual average I_d in the Loess Plateau region was commonly higher than 200 t km^?2 a^?1. The annual average F_d decreased from arid regions in northwestern China to humid areas in southeastern China with two sand and sand storm centers existing in Xinjiang Taklamakan Desert and western Inner Mongolia. The annual average F_d in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s was 16, 8, 6 days respectively, decreased steadily from 18 days in 1981–5 days in 2007. Annual average I_d had a positive linear relation to annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.96). Annual average F_d had a positive relation with annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.97) as well as annual average I_d (R² = 0.94). TSP was the chief pollutant influencing Air Pollution Index (API) in northern China in spring and winter seasons. Sand and dust storm might be a major factor affecting the temporal variability and spatial distribution of TSP and dustfall in China.     

粉煤灰的改性及对刚果红的吸附

分别采用沸水浸泡、酸浸、碱浸和加热的方法对粉煤灰进行改性处理，利用FTIR仪和XRD仪对改性粉煤灰的成分和官能团进行了分析，并利用改性粉煤灰对模拟刚果红废水进行脱色。实验结果表明：碱改性粉煤灰中含有大量官能团，以及NaPl型沸石类物质，能够明显提高粉煤灰对刚果红的吸附性能；与活性炭相比，碱改性粉煤灰具有更高的性价比；在初始刚果红质量浓度为20mg/L、碱改性粉煤灰加入量为50g/L的条件下，废水的脱色率可达87.52%；碱改性粉煤灰对刚果红的吸附过程遵循二级反应动力学，较好地符合Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式。     

Incidence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in central air conditioner filter dust from a new office building

This study examined polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in central air conditioner filter (CACF) dust from a new office building in Shenzhen, China. Human exposure to PBDE via dust inhalation and ingestion were also estimated. PBDEs level in CACF dust was lower than those in the other countries and regions. Approximately 0.671 pg/kg bw/day PM_2.5 (Particulate Matter up to 2.5 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 4.123 pg/kg bw/day PM₁₀ (Particulate Matter up to 10 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs tend to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system. The average total intake of Σ₁₅PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion for adults reached ∼141 pg/kg bw/day in this building. This value was far below the reference dose (RfD) recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion in the new building is less than the old ones.     

Steam reforming of glycerol for syngas generation under cold plasma conditions: A DFT study

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the reaction pathways with steam reforming of glycerol under cold plasma conditions. Total energies, energy barriers, and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K have been calculated at the GGA/PW91/DNP level. The calculation shows that, with the presence of steam, the energy barrier of glycerol conversion is reduced and the conversion from glycerol to H₂ and CO is promoted under cold plasma conditions. The formation of syngas was through a multi-step pathway via the conversion of OHCH₂CHOH, CH₂OH, CH₂O, HCO,·and CH₃, while the recombination of H generated extra H₂. The synthesis of hydrocarbons are from the recombination of·CH₃,·CH₂, and·CH, which could be primarily generated through glycerol dissociation. The structure of glycerol anion was also studied in this work, and it was less stable than the neutral molecule. The route for the formation of OHCH₂CHOH·and CH₂OH·from glycerol anion is thermodynamically favorable.     

超声波-铁粉协同降解五氯酚

通过超声波-铁粉联合体系协同降解废水中的五氯酚(PCP).实验结果表明:降解120 min后,PCP去除率可达90.4％；在该体系中铁粉被逐渐腐蚀成Fe2+,随降解时间的延长,Fe2+浓度逐渐增加；体系中的Fe2+可以促进·OH的产生,并且可以与超声空化作用下产生的H2O2发生Fenton试剂氧化反应降解PCP；超声波...     

化工建设项目环境影响评价中几个问题的探讨

从炼油厂煤制氢装置碳资源的利用、炼化装置所产生废物的焚烧处理、炼油装置加氢工艺技术的综合能耗、清洁生产标准的运用、废水处理及废水回用技术等方面对化工建设项目的环境影响评价中存在的问题进行了探讨,以促进我国化工建设项目环境影响评价工作的规范化和法制化.     

走出环境污染的怪圈——就环境论环境不能解决环境问题

历史的经验告诉我们，就环境论环境不能解决环境问题。本文从分析当今时代的特点出发，剖析了我国环境污染形势，最后论述如何走出环境污染的怪圈．经济增长不等于经济发展，但可持续发展却是永恒的主题．解决环境问题必须改变传统发展战略，发展是硬道理，但我们讲的发展是全社会的持续、协调、全面发展。解振华局长说：“工业污染是环境污染的主要来源”。经济增长的源泉在企业，经济增长的动力是企业利益，经济增长的压力是市场的竞争，经济增长的持续是协调发展。只顾产值不讲效益的观念必须改变，环境问题的解决必须和国家的经济发展、科学技术、社会稳定统一考虑，必须纳入国家整体战略，环境问题才能进步解决。     

论代表性的涵义及工业废水重点源采样方案的设计原则

数据代表性是指监测结果在表征被监测对象特性时所能达到的真实程度;样品代表性是指局部体现整体时所能达到的真实程度。加密监测是重点原调查的质量基础,不能简化行事。监督性监测中,通过测定流量比例混合样来获取总量控制所必需的漉量加权平均值浓度数据,并以此来减小工作量。为满足浓度控制需要,时间—浓度确定型废水的峰浓度样应单独测定。     

石灰-聚铁法处理硫酸厂废水的研究

对各种处理硫酸厂废水的方法者了探讨,选择了以百石灰和聚合硫酸铁为药剂去除废水中砷,硫等污染物的方法。该法工艺简单,混凝剂投加量少,运行费用低,处理后的废水可达到排放标准。