甘肃省农村环境安全现况分析

通过分析影响甘肃省农村环境安全的主要因素,提出了改善甘肃省农村环境安全状况的措施和建议。采用"压力-状态-响应"模型,构建了甘肃省农村环境安全评价指标体系。运用层次分析法及环境安全综合评价指数对2003-2008年甘肃省农村环境安全状况进行评价。评价结果显示甘肃省环境安全状态处于第Ⅱ级,属中警状态(风险状态)。趋势分析结果表明近几年甘肃省农村环境安全总体上呈现缓慢好转,但安全形势依然相当严峻。     

Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate

A systemic strategy was proposed to improve aerobic granular sludge(AGS)stability and nitrogen(N)removal efficiency by optimizing feeding mode and substrate aiming at complicated wastewater characteristics.Key functional groups at the genus level identified by high-throughput sequencing were evaluated as well.The results showed that anaerobic feeding mode and acetate promoted the compact AGS formation with excellent total nitrogen(TN)removal efficiency(averaging 91.7%±4.1%)at various dissolved oxygen conditions.While the aerobic feeding mode led to a loose AGS structure with a vulnerable anaerobic core and poor TN removal efficiency(averaging58.8%±7.4%).Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process played the dominant role in N removal in compact AGS over the alternating nitrification and denitrification process.High-concentration glucose undermined feast-famine condition with filamentous bacteria growth out of granule and decreased TN removal efficiency to 67.3%±15.2%.Lower food to microorganism ratio may result in a lower N removal rate attributed to the sharply increased biomass concentration fed by glucose.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,and denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms enriched during AGS granulation also contributed to the efficient N removal.The proposed strategy provided insights into the relationship between various factors and stable AGS formation,and systemic operation methods for various complicated wastewater treatment.     

Process analysis of PM2.5 pollution events in a coastal city of China using CMAQ

US EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system(CMAQ) with Process Analysis tool was used to simulate and quantify the contribution of individual atmospheric processes to PM_(2.5) concentration in Qingdao during three representative PM_(2.5) pollution events in the winter of 2015 and 2016. Compared with the observed surface PM_(2.5) concentrations, CMAQ could reasonably reproduce the temporal and spatial variations of PM_(2.5) during these three events. Process analysis results show that primary emissions accounted for 72.7%–93.2% of the accumulation of surface PM_(2.5) before and after the events.When the events occurred, primary emissions were still the major contributor to the increase of PM_(2.5) in Qingdao, however the contribution percentage reduced significantly,which only account for 51.4%–71.8%. Net contribution from horizontal and vertical transport to the accumulation of PM_(2.5) was also positive and its percentage increased when events occurred. Only 1.1%–4.6% of aerosol accumulation was due to PM processes and aqueous chemical processes before and after events. When the events occurred,contribution from PM processes and aqueous chemistry increased to 6.0%–11.8%. Loss of PM_(2.5) was mainly through horizontal transport, vertical transport and dry deposition, no matter during or outside the events. Wet deposition would become the main removal pathway of PM_(2.5), when precipitation occurred.     

应用多元统计研究蘑菇湖水体DOM紫外光谱特征

为了探究蘑菇湖水体中DOM（溶解性有机物）的组成和结构特征、识别来源及表征腐殖化程度,采用UV-Vis（紫外-可见吸收光谱）和紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析方法对蘑菇湖水体DOM进行表征.结果表明:①蘑菇湖水体DOM腐殖化程度由滨湖区向深湖区递减,DOM主要以脂肪链和酯类等非极性官能团及相对分子质量较大的外源胡敏酸为主. ②皮尔逊相关性分析发现,A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}、A_{240 nm}/A_{420 nm}与A₃/A₂（600~700 nm与460~480 nm波段下的积分面积之比）之间呈显著正相关,A_{465 nm}/A_{665 nm}、S_R〔光谱斜率比,S_g（275~295 nm）/S_g（350~400 nm）〕、A₂/A₁（460~480 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比）与A₃/A₁（600~700 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比）之间也均呈显著正相关,而二者之间呈负相关,表明蘑菇湖水体中DOM的腐殖化水平与有机质的相对分子质量、芳香度以及苯环碳骨架的聚合程度等密切相关. ③CCA（canonical correspond analysis,典范对应分析）结果发现,蘑菇湖水体采样点与DOM的芳香度、腐殖化程度存在一定的相关性,与皮尔逊相关性分析结果相似.研究显示,UV-Vis、紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析能够在一定程度上表征蘑菇湖水体DOM的分子量、芳香度以及腐殖化程度.      

基于EFDC城市景观湖泊水动力模拟研究

城市景观湖泊是生态城市建设的重要组成部分,其水流缓慢,水动力交换和自净能力较弱,水质易受城市排污、径流、人为活动等因素影响。本文应用EFDC(environment fluid dynamic code)三维模型研究分析了典型城市景观湖泊-天印湖的水动力特征,模拟了2011年9月至2013年12月水龄变化过程和时空分布,分析降雨径流和风力驱动对水龄的影响力。结果表明:天印湖的水动力主要驱动力为降雨径流,风力对水龄的影响很小。研究结论有助于理解城市景观水体的水动力特性以及进一步研究水动力对水质变化的影响,并为城市水环境建设和保护提供一定的方案支持。     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration(DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 1013m~(-1) in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore,the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 10¹³ m^− 1 in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore, the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

我国空气净化器标准体系建设的思考

本文总结、综述了我国现有的空气净化器相关标准,包括直接、间接和引用相关标准,分析了现有标准体系的特点和存在的问题,对我国空气净化器标准体系的建设和完善,提出了一些制修订建议,希望借此建议推动规范空气净化器产品市场,从而更好地为消费者服务。     

Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil. • 10% biochar suppresses CO₂ and N₂O emissions in forest soil. • Biochar interacted with earthworm to significant affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida, on emissions of CO₂ and N₂O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N₂O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.     

Occurrence and distribution of micro- and mesoplastics in the high-latitude nature reserve,northern China

• The first study on micro(meso)plastics (MMPs) in the Liaohe River Reserve is reported. • Diverse MMP were detected in surface water and sediment at all 32 sites. • The abundance of MMPs decreased in the course of the river. • The MMPs abundance in water is significant association with the county population. Microplastics pollution has received growing attention worldwide in recent years. However, data on microplastics in the freshwater environment are still limited, especially in high-latitude nature reserves in Northern China. The first study on microplastic pollution in the Liaohe River Reserve in Northern China is reported here, and mesoplastics were also incorporated. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from 32 sites along the nature reserve. The abundance, type, shape, color, and size of micro- and mesoplastics were measured using density extraction, optical microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The data showed that diverse micro- and mesoplastics were found widespread in the 32 sites, and the average abundance of these plastics was 0.11±0.04 10⁻² items/L in surface water and 62.29±54.30 items/kg in sediment. Moreover, 70% and 66% were smaller than 2000 μm in surface water and sediment, respectively. Fiber accounted for 91.86% in surface water and 43.48% in sediment, indicating that the major source of micro- and mesoplastics in the Liaohe River Reserve may be domestic sewage and aquaculture. A total of 16 and 27 polymers were identified in surface water and sediment, respectively, and mostly consisted of rayon, polyester, polystyrene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). Moreover, both the risk index and the pollution load index demonstrated a low risk of micro- and mesoplastics in surface water and sediment in the Liaohe River Reserve.