Bio-drying and size sorting of municipal solid waste with high water content for improving energy recovery

Bio-drying can enhance the sortability and heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW), consequently improving energy recovery. Bio-drying followed by size sorting was adopted for MSW with high water content to improve its combustibility and reduce potential environmental pollution during the follow-up incineration. The effects of bio-drying and waste particle size on heating values, acid gas and heavy metal emission potential were investigated. The results show that, the water content of MSW decreased from 73.0% to 48.3% after bio-drying, whereas its lower heating value (LHV) increased by 157%. The heavy metal concentrations increased by around 60% due to the loss of dry materials mainly resulting from biodegradation of food residues. The bio-dried waste fractions with particle size higher than 45 mm were mainly composed of plastics and papers, and were preferable for the production of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in view of higher LHV as well as lower heavy metal concentration and emission. However, due to the higher chlorine content and HCl emission potential, attention should be paid to acid gas and dioxin pollution control. Although LHVs of the waste fractions with size <45 mm increased by around 2× after bio-drying, they were still below the quality standards for RDF and much higher heavy metal pollution potential was observed. Different incineration strategies could be adopted for different particle size fractions of MSW, regarding to their combustibility and pollution property.     

表面铜螯合磁性二氧化硅固定化漆酶及其催化降解水中2，4-二氯酚

利用磁性二氧化硅表面接枝的聚丙烯酰胺络合Cu2＋离子，制备了表面铜螯合磁性SiO：材料，采用傅立叶红外光谱（FT．IR），X射线衍射（XRD）对该磁性材料进行了表征，并通过配位作用固定化漆酶，考察了其对水中2，4-二氯酚（2，4-DCP）的催化降解效能及主要影响因素。结果表明，表面铜螯合磁性SiO：固定化漆酶对2，4-DCP具有较好的催化降解效能，利用8g／L固定化漆酶催化降解50mL初始浓度为24．25mg／L的2，4-DCP，反应12h2，4-DCP去除率达91％；当pH值在3．0～6．0范围内时，2，4-DCP的去除率随反应pH值的增加而升高；2，4-DCP初始浓度在14．39～257．6mg／L范围内时，反应12h，2，4-DCP的去除率均达85％以上；给酶量增加促进2，4-DCP的去除，但过多的给酶量导致单位质量固定化漆酶催化降解2，4-DCP的速率下降；水中硫酸根离子对固定化漆酶催化降解2，4-DCP具有明显的促进作用，而碳酸氢根离子明显抑制反应的进行。     

Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectral features of organic matter in conventional and organic dairy manure

Organic dairy production has exhibited potential for growth in the United States dairy sector. However, little information is available on whether there is any difference in manure composition and quality between organic (OD) and conventional (CD) dairy manure even though the composition and quality are important parameters with respect to availability, utilization, and cycling of manure nutrients and environmental impact evaluation. We comparatively characterized whole and water-extracted materials of 15 OD and seven CD dairy manure samples by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and fluorescence spectroscopies. Fourier transform infrared features of manure organic matter varied mainly in the 1650 to 1550 cm range, reflecting the presence of different N compounds in these manure samples. Fluorescence data revealed five fluorophore components present in the water-extracted organic matter from the manures. We found no clearly distinct value ranges in whole and water-extractable organic matter between the two types of dairy manure with respect to C and N contents and FT-IR and fluorescence spectral features. However, based on the average values, we observed general pattern differences on the effect of organic farming on the manure composition: OD contained less soluble C and N compounds on dry weight basis but more hydrophobic aliphatic groups in whole manure. The soluble organic matter in OD samples contained more stable humic- and lignin-related components and less amino/protein N-related components based on their spectroscopic features. These differences might be attributed to more forage feedstuffs in organic dairy farming management and more protein additives in conventional dairy feedstuffs. Information from this work may be useful in aiding organic dairy farmers in making manure management decisions.     

微生物絮凝剂改善城市污水厂浓缩污泥脱水性能的研究

采用酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)产生的微生物絮凝剂(MBF)作为污泥絮凝脱水剂，对城市污水处理厂浓缩污泥进行调理，确定该絮凝剂对浓缩污泥脱水的处理工艺参数为：微生物絮凝液最佳投加体积为6%～8%（体积比），发挥絮凝作用的最适污泥温度为28～32℃，最适pH为6～7。经微生物絮凝剂调理的污泥在3 000 r/min离心9 min，污泥脱水率高达82.7%，滤饼含水率降低至77.3%，污泥脱水后体积减至原来的1/5左右。     

新型悬浮填料澄清池中填料对澄清作用的影响初探

为考察可取代传统二沉池的新型悬浮填料澄清池技术的原理及关键参数，小试试验研究了填料对新型悬浮填料澄清池固液分离过程中附着污泥形成及其絮凝性能的影响，并对填料在澄清中的作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明，当泥水界面上升至填料区后，可以形成较悬浮污泥更加致密稳定的附着污泥区，并形成孔道流，强化了对混合液中污泥颗粒的絮凝效果；填料区可以捕捉去除从悬浮污泥区中“逃逸”的微小污泥絮体，并降低出水浊度，有效地保证了出水水质的稳定性。填料的存在发挥了强大的整流作用，降低了雷诺数Re，提高了弗汝德数Fr，从而改善了污泥絮凝的水力条件，提高了澄清能力。     

粗石英砂层厚度及倾角对核废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障效应的影响

毛细屏障作为核废物处置库顶盖的工程屏障之一,已经在国内外得到了广泛应用.采用箱体实验方法,研究了非饱和稳定流条件下粗石英砂层厚度和倾角对毛细屏障效应的影响.结果表明,随着粗石英砂层厚度的增大,水分的相对绕流量增大,毛细屏障效应增强;随着粗石英砂层倾角的增大,其表面积水减少,水的横向流动能力增强,毛细屏障效应增强.     

湖岸缓冲带反硝化作用的研究进展

反硝化作用是湖岸缓冲带去除硝酸盐的重要途径。湖岸缓冲带是联系陆地与湖泊生态系的纽带，不仅为许多动植物提供适宜生境，而且通过反硝化作用能去除地下水中的硝酸盐，提高湖泊水质。概述不同检测反硝化速率的方法，并对比各种方法的优点与缺点。阐述反硝化作用的影响因素：厌氧环境、有机碳、湖岸坡度、缓冲带坡度、pH与温度、硝酸盐浓度。介绍反硝化速率模型的研究开发状况。最后，提出了目前国内外反硝化研究中存在的不足及发展方向。     

Evaluation of a classification method for biodegradable solid wastes using anaerobic degradation parameters

We studied the biochemical and anaerobic degradation characteristics of 29 types of materials to evaluate the effects of a physical composition classification method for degradable solid waste on the computation of anaerobic degradation parameters, including the methane yield potential (L₀), anaerobic decay rate (k), and carbon sequestration factor (CSF). Biochemical methane potential tests were conducted to determine the anaerobic degradation parameters of each material. The results indicated that the anaerobic degradation parameters of nut waste were quite different from those of other food waste and nut waste was classified separately. Paper was subdivided into two categories according to its lignin content: degradable paper with lignin content of <0.05 g g VS^?1, and refractory paper with lignin content >0.15 g g VS^?1. The L₀, k, and CSF parameters of leaves, a type of garden waste, were similar to those of grass. This classification method for degradable solid waste may provide a theoretical basis that facilitates the more accurate calculation of anaerobic degradation parameters.     

Investigation on gene transfer from genetically modified corn (Zea mays L.) plants to soil bacteria

Knowledge about the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in soil bacteria communities is required to evaluate the possibility and ecological consequences of the transfer of these genes carried by genetically modified (GM) plants to soil bacteria. The neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII) conferring resistance to kanamycin and neomycin is one of the antibiotic resistance genes commonly present in GM plants. In this study, we investigated kanamycin-resistant (Km(R)) and neomycin-resistant (Nm(R)) soil bacterial populations in a 3-year field trial using a commercial GM corn (Zea mays L.) carrying the nptII gene and its near isogenic line. The results showed that a portion (2.3 - 15.6 %) of cultivable soil bacteria was naturally resistant to kanamycin or neomycin. However, no significant difference in the population level of Km(R) or Nm(R) soil bacteria was observed between the GM and non-GM corn fields. The nptII gene was not detected in any of the total 3000 Km(R) or Nm(R) isolates screened by PCR. Further, total soil bacterial cells were collected through Nycodenz gradient centrifugation and bacterial community DNA was subjected to PCR. Detection limit was about 500 cells per gram of fresh soil. Our study suggests that the nptII gene was relatively rare in the soil bacterial populations and there was no evidence of gene transfer from a GM corn plant to soil bacteria based on the data from total soil bacterial communities.     

Impacts of land use change on ecosystem service value in Lijiang River Basin,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - It is of great significance for the coordinated development of the environment and the economy to study the impact of the human driving factors of...