Aqueous-phase reactive uptake of dicarbonyls as a source of organic aerosol over eastern North America

We use a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate surface and aircraft measurements of organic carbon (OC) aerosol over eastern North America during summer 2004 (ICARTT aircraft campaign), with the goal of evaluating the potential importance of a new secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathway via irreversible uptake of dicarbonyl gases (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) by aqueous particles. Both dicarbonyls are predominantly produced in the atmosphere by isoprene, with minor contributions from other biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Dicarbonyl SOA formation is represented by a reactive uptake coefficient γ = 2.9 × 10^?3 and takes place mainly in clouds. Surface measurements of OC aerosol at the IMPROVE network in the eastern U.S. average 2.2 ± 0.7 μg C m^?3 for July–August 2004 with little regional structure. The corresponding model concentration is 2.8 ± 0.8 μg C m^?3, also with little regional structure due to compensating spatial patterns of biogenic, anthropogenic, and fire contributions. Aircraft measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol average 2.2 ± 1.2 μg C m^?3 in the boundary layer (<2 km) and 0.9 ± 0.8 μg C m^?3 in the free troposphere (2–6 km), consistent with the model (2.0 ± 1.2 μg C m^?3 in the boundary layer and 1.1 ± 1.0 μg C m^?3 in the free troposphere). Source attribution for the WSOC aerosol in the model boundary layer is 27% anthropogenic, 18% fire, 28% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. In the free troposphere it is 13% anthropogenic, 37% fire, 23% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. Inclusion of dicarbonyl SOA doubles the SOA contribution to WSOC aerosol at all altitudes. Observed and simulated correlations of WSOC aerosol with other chemical variables measured aboard the aircraft suggest a major SOA source in the free troposphere compatible with the dicarbonyl mechanism.     

PACT工艺处理PAM生产废水的实验研究

采用粉末活性炭活性污泥工艺(PACT)处理经凹凸棒土预处理后的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)生产废水。实验考察了粉末活性炭(PAC)的投加对活性污泥处理系统的影响,并探讨了PAC投加量、曝气时间、水力停留时间等参数对降解反应的影响。结果表明:PAC的投加能提高水中溶解氧的利用率,改善污泥沉降性能,增强活性污泥系统对有机物的去除效果;在PAC投加量500 mg/L、曝气10 h的条件下,PACT工艺对PAM生产废水的处理效果良好,COD的去除率为80.8%,BOD5去除率为83.8%,丙烯酰胺(AM)去除率为84.2%。     

Seasonal variation of levoglucosan in aerosols over the western North Pacific and its assessment as a biomass-burning tracer

Levoglucosan is considered as a useful molecular tracer of biomass-burning aerosols in the atmosphere. To characterize the seasonal variation of its concentrations over the Pacific Ocean and to assess its usefulness as a tracer after long-range transport, we investigated long-term variations of levoglucosan over Chichi-jima in the western North Pacific, from 2001 to 2004. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and d-glucose were analyzed for comparison. The seasonal variation of levoglucosan concentrations showed a maximum in the winter, which is consistent with the enhanced Asian outflow to the Pacific indicated by backward air-mass trajectories. The concentration levels of levoglucosan estimated from global aerosol model outputs in the winter are, on average, comparable to the observed levels, suggesting that a considerable fraction of levoglucosan did not decompose during long-range transport from the Asian continent by westerly/northwesterly winds. This result is supported by comparable ratios of levoglucosan to EC in Chichi-jima and the East Asian coastal region. Conversely, the measured concentrations of levoglucosan in the summer were significantly lower than the modeled one. This implies a degradation of levoglucosan in the air masses that stagnated over the Pacific, although uncertainties in the model estimate may also be partly responsible for this discrepancy. One possible degradation pathway is oxidation by OH radicals; the contribution of acid-catalyzed reactions needs further investigation.     

赤子爱胜蚓处理污泥对其性质变化的影响

用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)直接处理脱水污泥,以不加蚯蚓为对照,研究了蚯蚓生物量、污泥理化性质(pH、电导、灰分、总有机碳)、营养物质(氮、磷、钾)以及重金属(铜、锌、铅、铬)的变化。结果表明:蚯蚓能很好地适应直接投加污泥的生存环境,蚯蚓平均增重0.7 g/d,产卵4.81个/d。随着时间的增加,接种蚯蚓的污泥理化性质和营养物质以及重金属含量均有显著的变化。蚯蚓处理后,污泥的pH由7.83显著降低至7.03;电导由0.46 S/m显著增至2.23 S/m;灰分从43.89%显著增至57.53%;TOC由32.32%显著降低至23.59%;污泥中的营养物质N、P、K含量显著增加,N、P、K分别提高了37.48%、19.96%和20.14%;同时蚯蚓活动显著降低了污泥中的重金属含量,降低次序为CuZnCrPb。蚯蚓处理后污泥小团粒性状明显,无臭味,不生蛆。     

镍网负载纳米TiO_2光催化反应器对酸性品红脱色效果实验研究

采用负载纳米TiO2的三维镍网装配了光催化反应器,就其对酸性品红溶液进行脱色效果进行了实验研究。考察了反应器的3种装配条件、品红初始浓度、pH值、H2O2投加量、紫外光剂量等因素对酸性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明:UV灯+镍网+TiO2模式组合的反应器脱色效果最好;在相同的处理时间内酸性品红溶液的脱色率随起始浓度的增大而减小;将酸性品红溶液pH值调至5时脱色效果最明显,70 min的脱色率可高达94.8%。脱色效果还可以通过溶液中添加H2O2和控制紫外线剂量来调节。当溶液中H2O2投加量为0.5 g/L时,处理70 min后的脱色率可高达98.3%;到达反应界面紫外光剂量越多则能够获得越高的酸性品红脱色率。     

区域洪灾风险评价体系研究

针对国内外区域洪灾风险评价缺少系统规范体系现状,基于洪灾生命损失评价、经济损失评价,构建起以洪灾损失为核心的动态实用性的区域洪灾风险评价体系,实现由控制洪水向洪水管理转变.给出耦合致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体的区域洪灾风险定义,探讨了基于洪水分析、易损性分析、损失分析的区域洪灾风险评价流程图.针对区域洪灾风险评价不确定性,从被动破坏损失、主动防御减灾角度提出系统量化的区域洪灾损失经济评价指标,结合研究体系应用实际,给出区域洪灾风险评价体系的进一步完善策略.     

江西境内萍水河水质状况评价及变化趋势分析

通过对萍水河监测断面水质监测数据的分析,利用内梅罗污染指数法及秩相关系数法进行水质评价,分析了"十二五"期间萍水河水质情况及其变化趋势,阐述了萍水河的水质空间分布规律。结果表明:萍水河断面水质以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类为主,水质总体较好,但呈下降趋势;其上游水质较好,中游较差,下游略有好转,麻山河等萍水河支流水质较好。     

水库型饮用水水源地一级保护区隔离防护工程研究

依托于地理信息系统空间数据管理和空间信息分析的功能,利用高分辨率遥感影像研究隔离方案划定的技术流程。该技术流程主要包括收集水源地基础资料、解译高分辨率遥感影像、提取土地覆盖分类信息、建立空间数据库、划定物理隔离和生物隔离的区段。该种技术流程也适用于地形复杂、一级保护区面积较大的地下型水源地。     

地震勘探引起植被棋盘式分布分析

通过高分辨率卫星遥感数据和实地调研,发现黄河三角洲的很多区域因胜利油田地震勘探而引起植被棋盘式分布。地震勘探引起植被群落斑块扩展,就其生态作用来说,与当前黄河三角洲生态恢复、保护和重建植被这一目标相吻合。此种植被群落的扩展,无须额外经费投入,对此进行深入研究,寻找使其从自发状态转变为通过人工协调可在适宜区域最大限度扩展的对策,将有助于更好地协调油田开发和湿地生态保护之间的矛盾。