Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk PM2.5 and size-segregated aerosol particle samples measured in an urban environment

To analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an urban site in Seoul, South Korea, 24-hr ambient air PM_2.5 samples were collected during five intensive sampling periods between November 1998 and December 1999. To determine the PAH size distribution, 3-day size-segregated aerosol samples were also collected in December 1999. Concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the PM_2.5 particles ranged from 3.9 to 119.9 ng m⁻³ with a mean of 24.3 ng m⁻³.An exceptionally high concentration of PAHs(∼120 ng m⁻³) observed during a haze event in December 1999 was likely influenced more by diesel vehicle exhaust than by gasoline exhaust, as well as air stagnation, as evidenced by the low carbon monoxide/elemental carbon (CO/EC) ratio of 205 found in this study and results reported by previous studies. The total PAHs associated with the size-segregated particles showed unimodal distributions. Compared to the unimodal size distributions of PAHs with modal peaks at < 0.12 μm measured in highway tunnels in Los Angeles (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994), four- to six-ring PAHs in our study had unimodal size distributions, peaking at the larger size range of 0.28–0.53 μm, suggesting the coagulation of freshly emitted ultrafine particles during transport to the sampling site. Further, the fraction of PAHs associated with coarse particles(> 1.8 μm) increased as the molecular weight of the PAHs decreased due to volatilization of fine particles followed by condensation onto coarse particles.     

果园地面覆盖管理的生态经济效益分析

分析了果园地面覆盖管理的生态和经济效益，并对果园地面管理方式在果树产量、质量、营养、病虫害和土壤有机质、肥力、水分、侵蚀以及生态环境上的影响进行了赋分综合评价。评价的有利效应顺序是：有机物覆盖〉间作〉生草带状覆盖〉生草覆盖〉除草剂除草〉翻耕。据此，针对我国生态环境、人口、经济状况，提出了在山区的经济林果园内应推广应用秸杆地面覆盖技术，对于减少水土流失，提高果树产量具有显著的生态和经济效益。     

微山湖养殖湖区水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源

采用HPLC定量分析微山湖养殖湖区水体中16种优先控制PAHs的总量浓度范围在5348.8～12970.8ng/L之间,平均值为8671.5ng/L,处于中等偏高污染水平;养殖湖区水体中的多环芳烃主要来源于养殖船只的石油泄露及煤炭、木材与石油的不完全燃烧,PAHs的组成以2～3环为主。     

吸附联合低温等离子体法去除甲苯废气

对介质阻挡放电条件下产生的低温等离子体联合吸附去除低浓度甲苯废气进行了实验研究。考察了反应器内分别填充分子筛、陶瓷环和混合填料时,甲苯的吸附效果;比较了各种填充条件下,低温等离子体对甲苯的去除效果和副产物臭氧的产生量;并对填充混合填料时不同外加电压、不同操作条件下,吸附联合低温等离子体去除甲苯的过程进行系统的研究。结果表明,外加电压相同,混合填料对甲苯的去除率最高,大于97%,依次是分子筛、陶瓷环、无填充;同时混合填料的臭氧浓度小于其他填料;当电压为18 kV时,混合填料可获得较高的甲苯去除率,同时产生的臭氧副产物最少。     

Characteristics and formation mechanism of regional haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta of China

To investigate the characteristics and the specific mechanism of continuous haze,comprehensive measurements were conducted from 15 October to 19 November in the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Super-Station in Heshan of Guangdong province.Five haze episodes occurred in October and November 2014 in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region. The meteorological parameters, gas data, chemical compositions, and optical parameters of the aerosols were obtained. Among these events, the second haze episode,with the highest concentration of PM2.5 of 187.51 μg/m~3, was the most severe. NO~3-was always higher than SO_4~(2-), which indicated that motor vehicles played an important role in the haze, even though the oxidation rate from SO_2 to SO_4~(2-)was faster than that of NOXto NO_3~-. The difference between the hourly averages of Na+and K+during the haze episode and clean days was small, implying that straw combustion and sea salt had no significant effect on the occurrence of haze, and the backward trajectories of the air masses also conformed with this result. The air pollutants were difficult to disperse because of the significant decrease in the planetary boundary layer(PBL) height. Relative humidity played a crucial role in the formation of haze by leading to hygroscopic growth of the diameter of aerosols.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

水环境中苯丙胺类物质的快速前处理方法

在国内外研究的基础上,应用固相萃取技术,建立并优化了适用于野外条件的3种常见精神活性物质（甲基苯丙胺、苯丙胺和麻黄碱）的快速前处理方法.比较了污水快速前处理条件（样品pH值和上样流速）对目标物回收率的影响.结果表明,在本文测试条件下,理想的快速前处理参数为使用Oasis HLB柱,在碱性条件、流速为20mL/min的情况下加载样品.与传统方法相比,快速前处理方法所得的目标物浓度稍有降低,但仍很好地反映了生活污水中的目标物浓度水平和变化特征.北京、广东两地的野外验证结果显示,该方法对南北两地生活污水和地表水样品的处理效果都比较稳定.     

改变碳输入对新疆天山雪岭云杉林土壤呼吸的短期影响

探究外源性碳输入改变对森林土壤呼吸的影响是深入解析森林碳循环的基础.本研究基于植物残体添加和去除控制实验,设置5种不同碳输入(对照组、双倍凋落物组、去根组、去凋落物组和去根去凋落物组)处理,研究了天山雪岭云杉林(Picea Schrenkiana)生长季土壤呼吸对碳输入改变的短期响应.结果表明,整个实验期间对照、双倍凋落物、去根、去凋和去根去凋处理土壤呼吸速率均值分别为3.38、 3.94、 2.65、 2.87和2.01μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);与对照处理相比,双倍凋落物处理使累计土壤呼吸通量增加402.65 g·m~(-2),去根、去凋和去根去凋处理分别减少了515.00、 354.73和967.15 g·m~(-2),减少幅度为去根去凋去根去凋.整个实验期间相对于对照组,双倍凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率平均增加20.35%,去凋、去根、去根去凋处理下土壤呼吸速率分别平均降低14.40%、 20.78%和40.83%.土壤矿质呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的相对贡献率由大至小依次为:土壤矿质呼吸(59.46%)根系呼吸(21.49%)凋落物呼吸(14.79%).由主成分分析可知,土壤呼吸速率的变化与土壤温度、土壤湿度、全磷、pH值、土壤有机碳正相关,与土壤容重负相关,而全氮、碳氮比和土壤电导率对土壤呼吸速率影响不大.     

硫酸盐还原菌对杀菌剂的敏感性研究

江汉油田硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)引起的金属管壁腐蚀和油层堵塞问题一直没有得到彻底解决。不同种群的SRB对同种杀菌剂的敏感程度是不同的。游离SRB和固着型SRB对几种常用杀茵剂的敏感性实验结果表明:除了ME以外,其余几种杀菌剂杀灭培养液中SRB的能力和杀灭固着型SRB的能力由大到小的排序是:BQ-3,WE,BQ-2,BQ-1,1227,BH。ME杀灭培养液中SRB的能力好于前六种杀菌剂,但是其杀灭固着型SRB的能力低于BQ-1。使用同种杀菌剂时,固着型SRB比游离型SRB的杀死难度更大。