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241.
本文系作者对中国环境问题十几年研究成果的总结。作者重点阐述了全球环境问题、地球变暖与中国的现状、酸雨与中国的现状、臭氧层破坏与中国现状、野生生物种的灭绝与中国现状等。 相似文献
242.
Yoo JS Cheun BS Park IS Song YC Seo Y Kim NG Shin HW Lee JH 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2004,25(4):431-436
A highly sensitive sodium (Na+) transfer tissue biosensor (STTB) was designed using a frog bladder membrane to measure paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP). The STTB consists, of a Na+ electrode covered by the membrane, which was then integrated into a flow-through system for continuous measurements. In the absence of Na+ channel blocker, active transfer of Na+ occurred from inside to outside across the frog membrane. When the STTB was used to measure the Na+ -dependent dissociation of PSP, it was able to detect PSB at a level contained in a single cell. However, 5 fg or higher (100 cells or more) is needed for accurate and reproducible measurements. The toxicity obtained by the STTB was significantly correlated (r = 0.9449) to that determined by the HPLC. Therefore, the simple method of the STTB can be used not only to detect a low level PSP in toxic plankton populations, but also to monitor poisons in shellfish. 相似文献
243.
Akifimi Eguchi Tomohiko Isobe Karri Ramu Nguyen Minh Tue Agus Sudaryanto Gnanasekaran Devanathan Pham Hung Viet Rouch Seang Tana Shin Takahashi Annamalai Subramanian Shinsuke Tanabe 《Chemosphere》2013,90(9):2365-2371
In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs).BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them.The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China. 相似文献
244.
Xiangyang Bi Xinbin Feng Yuangen Yang Grace P.Y. Shin Guangle Qiu Taoze Liu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):834-839
Plants grown in contaminated areas may accumulate trace metals to a toxic level via their roots and/or leaves. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and sources of Pb and Cd in maize plants (Zea mays L.) grown in a typical zinc smelting impacted area of southwestern China. Results showed that the smelting activities caused significantly elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd in the surrounding soils and maize plants. Pb isotope data revealed that the foliar uptake of atmospheric Pb was the dominant pathway for Pb to the leaf and grain tissues of maize, while Pb in the stalk and root tissues was mainly derived from root uptake. The ratio of Pb to Cd concentrations in the plants indicated that Cd had a different behavior from Pb, with most Cd in the maize plants coming from the soil via root uptake. 相似文献
245.
Juntaek Lim Seung Gu Shin Seungyong Lee Seokhwan Hwang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2011,5(1):28-39
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has gained popularity as a technique to detect and quantify a specific
group of target microorganisms from various environmental samples including soil, water, sediments, and sludge. Although qPCR
is a very useful technique for nucleic acid quantification, accurately quantifying the target microbial group strongly depends
on the quality of the primer and probe used. Many aspects of conducting qPCR assays have become increasingly routine and automated;
however, one of the most important aspects, designing and selecting primer and probe sets, is often a somewhat arcane process.
In many cases, failed or non-specific amplification can be attributed to improperly designed primer-probe sets. This paper
is intended to provide guidelines and general principles for designing group-specific primers and probes for qPCR assays.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of these guidelines by reviewing the use of qPCR to study anaerobic processes and biologic
nutrient removal processes. qPCR assays using group-specific primers and probes designed with this method, have been used
to successfully quantify 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers from target methanogenic and ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria in various laboratory- and full-scale biologic processes. Researchers with a good command of primer and probe design
can use qPCR as a valuable tool to study biodiversity and to develop more efficient control strategies for biologic processes. 相似文献
246.
Sudaryanto A Kajiwara N Takahashi S Muawanah Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):130-138
The present study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs) in human breast milk from Indonesia covering urban, suburban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all the samples of the present study with total concentrations ranging from 0.49 to 13 ng/g lipid wt. Geographical distribution showed that concentrations of PBDEs were relatively uniform (p>0.05) and the levels were in the same order as those in Japan and some European countries, but were one or two order lower than North America. When compared to OCs, the level of total PBDEs was lower. The congener pattern was in accordance with other studies on human matrices, in which BDE-47 was the most abundant congener. Variations of PBDE congeners in human breast milk were further discussed to elucidate the potential exposure source(s) and pathways. 相似文献
247.
248.
The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a new method to improve the accuracy in the estimation of sewage
components. Adding to the regression of sewage components with UV (ultraviolet) absorbance values, a proposed method considered
an unclear but existing relationship among characteristic of sewage production. Sewage production showed very defined profiles
due to the daily human activities. So the main idea was the combination of measuring the UV absorbance values and analyzing
the characteristics of the sewage production. For this purpose, 446 sewage samples taken at every 2-h interval for 51 days
at a wastewater treatment plant were statistically analyzed using neural network (NN). NN was trained with 350 data sets (about
29 days) of UV absorbance values, flow rate and time. And as a result, it could predict 96 data (12 days) as a validation,
indicating that estimation accuracies were improved to higher level than those of the linear regressions. The proposed method
could estimate concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP) within practical accuracies as well as total
suspended solid. 相似文献
249.
Katsuhisa Baba Akira Miyazono Keiji Matsuyama Shoui Kohno Shin Kubota 《Marine Biology》2007,151(5):1977-1987
In November 2003, we first observed prevalent occurrence of a hydroid, Eutima japonica, on soft body tissues of age zero Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) juveniles cultured in large areas of Funka Bay, Hokkaido. The occurrence coincided with massive death of juvenile scallops.
A major objective was to clarify ecological relationships between the symbionts, and to infer the relationship between symbiosis
and the massive mortality. To do this, we investigated distributions of association rates of hydroids with juvenile scallops
at 15–34 sites over 3 years (2003–2005), with age one adult scallops at 24 sites in 2003, and with mussels at 13 sites in
2004. We studied seasonal changes in association rates with juvenile scallops, and numbers of polyps per juvenile scallop
at three sites from November 2003 to June 2004. We also quantified the hydroid impacts on juvenile scallop shell length growth
and triglyceride accumulation in the digestive gland. The association rate of E. japonica polyps with juvenile scallops was high in large areas of Funka Bay in 2003, and overlapped the distribution of mussels bearing
polyps. Association rates with age one adult scallops were very low in November 2003, even at the sites where polyps were
very common on juvenile scallops. Levels of hydroid occurrence in juvenile scallops varies by year. We found that hydroids
presence in juvenile scallops declined drastically in 2004 and 2005. The association rates with juvenile scallops, and numbers
of polyps per juvenile scallop declined during winter, until they disappeared completely in the following June. Since polyps
were rare in adult scallops, we believe that infection of juvenile scallops was probably initiated from the planulae produced
by medusae released from polyps growing on Mytilus spp., especially M. galloprovincialis. Subsequently, the inhabitation spread intraspecifically and interspecifically. In juvenile scallops, inhabitation of polyps
reduced shell length growth by 43%, and triglyceride accumulation in digestive glands by 24–47%. Inhabitation of E. japonica on juvenile scallop is best regarded as parasitism, rather than inquilinism or commensalism. Occurrence of polyps was probably
not a direct lethal factor for juvenile scallops, because there were some sites where association rates were high, but mortalities
were low. Massive mortalities in 2003 may have resulted from simultaneous impacts of heavy polyp load and stresses caused
by the way in which the animals were handled (transferred from cages for pre-intermediate culture to cages for intermediate
culture), because the massive mortality occurred within a month of the transfer. The presence of polyps in juvenile scallops
does not affect the quality of the product in Funka Bay, because market size scallops are hydroid-free. 相似文献
250.