微波消解法测定农药废水中的总磷

介绍了一种测定农药废水中总磷的新的预处理方法－微波消解法。其消解时间从传统法的40min缩短到8min，精确度和准确度与传统的消解法相比无显著性差异。     

环境化学进展动态

本文概述了近年来环境化学包括环境分析化学、环境污染化学、环境污染控制化学、生态化学等方面研究的一些新进展     

隧洞施工通风系统事故树分析

在采矿、铁路、公路及水利水电工程中，常常采用长距离隧洞或隧道来穿越高山。而隧洞的施工以其施工技术复杂、难度大、风险高，经常成为控制工程工期的主要环节，隧洞施工中的通风换气系统，关系到施工能否顺利进行和施工作业人员的人身安全，根据隧洞施工通风系统的运行特点，采用安全系统分析中的事故树（FTA）方法，对隧洞施工中通风系统的安全性进行定性分析，找出影响通风安全的主要因素，并提出了通风安全管理对策，可以保证施工作业的顺利进行和人身安全，提高整个施工作业的安全度。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from food salt samples processed by heat treatment in Korea

Eight samples of processed food salt collected from five plants in Korea were analyzed for 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) using liquid-liquid extraction, clean-up procedures, and high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The study included the analyses of two kinds of salt product sample: bamboo-salt and parched salt. The levels of toxic PCDD/Fs found in the salt product samples were extremely low: the results revealed TEQ levels ranging between the sub pg TEQ/g and sub fg TEQ/g. The differences in the TEQ values of toxic PCDD/F were observed between the salt product samples, which were treated with different frequency of baking using four different fuels (firewood, pine wood, pine resin, and indirect heating by gas) at temperatures from 300 to 2000 degrees C. In bamboo-salt samples, the concentrations and TEQ values of toxic PCDD/Fs ranged between 0.57-66 pg/g and 5.7x10(-5)-0.64 pg TEQ/g, respectively. PCDD/Fs levels in bamboo-salts baked by firewood were found to be higher than those baked by pinewood or pine resin. In parched salt samples, the concentrations and TEQ values of toxic PCDD/Fs ranged between 0.97-3.7 pg/g and 0.0097-0.017 pg TEQ/g, respectively. The data was discussed regarding the concentration and the distribution pattern of congeners.     

油污土壤生物修复实验研究

为了有效预防和治理因石油开采、运输等造成的土壤污染,对大庆地区油污土壤进行了生物修复的实验研究,通过室内盆栽模拟实验,对芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的石油类污染物总含量、石油烃类组分浓度、非烃组分浓度进行了测定。结果表明,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物具有比较明显的降解作用,可以使被污染土壤中的某些油污成分逐渐被选择性消耗。实验还可看出,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物中正构烷烃的降解能力高于非正构烃。总体看,芦苇对石油类污染物的降解能力强于香蒲,但芦苇对非正构烃的降解能力略逊于香蒲。     

Cultural Relevance for Rural Community Development in China: A Case Study in Bai, Jingpo and Huyaodai Communities of Yunnan Province

A three-year study over the Bai, Jingpo and Huayaodai communities in Yunnan Province reveals that the community development is significantly influenced in various ways by such cultural factors as the concepts of development; concepts and traditions of inter-community relationships, consumption, mar- riage and gender; patterns of decision-making and production, resource and income allocation; as well as the role of information dissemination systems, religion and ritual. Based on the analysis over the interactive relevance between each factor and community development, some strategies and methods for dealing with such a cultural relevance in development projects are recommended.     

Using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to replace water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric dyeing procedures

Dyeing fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) instead of water can save energy, reduce water use and prevent pollution. The special pilot plant was designed to test dyeing procedures in supercritical carbon dioxide and the analyses of the results indicate major benefits as compared to water based procedures. The dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric in supercritical carbon dioxide using special pilot plant was investigated. Disperse dye, C.I. (color index) Disperse Blue 79, was used in this study. After dyeing, rinsing in supercritical carbon dioxide, which removes the excess dyes, was also discussed. At the same dyeing conditions, K/S (color yield) of dyed fabric significantly increased with increasing the dye concentration from 1% o.w.f. (on weight of fabric) to 5% o.w.f. Dyeing temperature and pressure had a strong influence on the color yield. When the temperature rose above 110 °C, the increase in color yield was obvious. At 20 MPa, 120–130 °C, dyeing reached equilibrium after 60 min. The excess dye of the dyed PET fabric was small. The suitable condition in supercritical carbon dioxide for removal of excess dye from the dyed fabric was 70 °C, 20 MPa. The PET fabric dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide had good fastness and physical properties.     

围生期毒死蜱暴露致子代8周雄鼠睾丸组织的氧化损伤

毒死蜱是目前全世界使用和销售量最大的有机磷杀虫剂之一。为探讨围生期毒死蜱暴露致8周雄性子鼠睾丸组织的氧化损伤,选择健康Wistar妊娠母鼠于妊娠期(gestation days,GD)第6天至子鼠出生后(postnatal days,PND)21天通过灌胃染毒0、0.75、1.35和2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量的毒死蜱,待雄性子鼠8周龄取左侧睾丸实施组织病理学检查,右侧睾丸用以检测丙二醛(maleic dialdehyde,MDA)的含量和谷胱甘肽S转移酶(glutathione S transferases,GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)的活力。结果表明,与对照组比较,随着染毒剂量的增加子鼠体重和睾丸、附睾脏器系数有下降的趋势(P0.05);而MDA呈升高趋势(P0.05)。各组T-SOD和1.35、2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GSH-Px活力的下降及2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GST活力的升高均有统计学意义(P0.05)。睾丸组织病理学检查结果可见2.70mg·kg~(-1)剂量组睾丸组织有明显的损伤,管腔中精液量减少,生精细胞脱落增多。上述研究结果提示母鼠于围生期暴露于毒死蜱,可通过氧化损伤诱导子代雄性大鼠睾丸的毒性作用。     

Cloning and expression analysis of geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile北大核心CSCD

Geosmin is a secondary metabolite responsible for earthy odors. The occurrence of geosmin has great impact on the quality of water environment. The gene essential for geosmin biosynthesis have been identified in several species. But little is known about the mechanism of geosmin synthesis in Aphanizomenon gracile. This study attempted to clone the gene involved in geosmin biosynthesis of Aphanizomenon gracile a nd a nalyze t he geosmin production u nder d ifferent e nvironments. T he high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR) was used to amplify the full-length of geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile (WH-1). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was applied to quantify the geosmin production in different light and temperature. As a result, geo, a geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile (WH-1) was cloned by hiTAIL-PCR. The full-length open reading frame (ORF) of geo was 2 262 bp, coding for a protein of 753 amino acids. Meanwhile, WH-1 was treated with different environment conditions and mRNA expression levels of geo were quantified by RT-PCR. It was found that low temperature (15 °C), high light intensity (35 μmol m-2 s-1) and continuous light illumination were beneficial to the expression of geo. The successful amplification of geosmin synthase gene verified that hiTAIL-PCR is an effective and simple procedure of low cost. The result provides fundamental knowledge on the monitoring and prevention for odorants.     

吉林油田稠油热采污水处理絮凝剂实验研究＊

在含油污水水质分析的基础上,采用烧杯实验和分光光度法研究絮凝剂的絮凝效果。筛选出以无机絮凝剂硫酸铝与两性高分子聚合物CE-3090的复配体系,同时研究了影响絮凝效果的因素并探究了其影响机理。结果表明:在温度为40℃,pH为7.72,170 r/min时高速搅拌1 min,然后50 r/min低速搅拌5 min,硫酸铝的加量为90 mg/L、CE-3090的加量为0.5 mg/L,絮凝沉降30 min后其絮凝效果较好。实验证明:该复配处理剂处理含油污水后,含油量和杂质含量都达到了SY/T 5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》油田污水回注的要求。