Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

入田泥沙对黄河三角洲地区土壤物理性状的影响——以小开河引黄灌区为例

为研究入田泥沙对小开河灌区自然土壤的影响,用分析化验和工程测试等方法,分析了引黄泥沙和输沙入田后土壤颗粒组成、容重、孔隙状况等物理性状。结果表明:引黄泥沙中0.02～0.002mm的细粉粒比例最高,平均39.31%。小开河自然土壤中0.05～0.02mm的粗粉粒比例最高,为53.41%,泥沙中细粉粒和粘粒含量明显高于当地土壤。输沙入田使灌区土壤中0.02～0.002mm的细粉粒和﹤0.002mm的粘粒比例明显增加,0.02mm的颗粒比例下降,虽有效避免了因渠首集中沉沙造成的土壤沙化和生态环境恶化,但增加了土壤的粘重程度。农田耕作在一定程度上增加土壤通气孔隙比例、降低土壤容重,但土壤毛管孔隙度依旧稳定在40%左右,毛管作用旺盛,使土壤通气状况不能满足作物需求。在黄河三角洲地区输沙入田的泥沙处理,应结合当地土壤的基本性质和水盐运动规律配置泥沙,以免增强当地土壤紧实、通透性差的性状。     

Enhanced NOx removal from flue gas by an integrated process of chemical absorption coupled with two-stage biological reduction using immobilized microorganisms

An integrated process of metal chelate absorption coupled with two stage bio-reduction using immobilized cultures has been proposed to continuously removal of NO_x, and the effects of SO₂, NO and O₂ concentration, gas/liquid flow rate on NO_x removal efficiency were investigated. Although nitrogen-containing components, such as Fe(II)EDTA-NO, NO₂^? and NO₃^? in the scrubbing solution, inhibited the bio-reduction of Fe(III)EDTA obviously, it was feasible to abate the inhibition effect by using the two stage bio-reduction system, and thus to improve NO_x removal efficiency. The removal efficiency decreased slowly with the increase of SO₂, O₂, NO concentration and gas flow rate, and increased with the increase of liquid flow rate. Continuously operating for 18 days, a high removal efficiency around 95% was reached by using the two-stage bio-reduction system with immobilized microorganisms, while the value decreased to 85% after 5 days of operation by using the suspended microorganisms, at a constant gas flow rate of 60 L/h containing 424–450 mg/m³ NO, 2428–2532 mg/m³ SO₂ and 3% O₂.     

支持向量机多重分类救生舱环境评价研究

针对矿用救生舱舱内环境动态评价的问题,采用支持向量机多重分类机制进行评价研究.确定了舱内环境评价的等级指标;将环境评价问题处理为分类和分级两部分,分别给出了相应的函数.使用粒子群优化算法进行了参数优化;制订了具体的评价方案,得出了动态评价结果.经现场试验证明,该环境评价方法可以对救生舱舱内环境进行有效、实时的动态评价,算法收敛速度较快,为救生舱舱内环境调控提供了可靠的理论基础和充分的现场数据.     

秦皇岛市工业领域“十二五”节能潜力分析

结合总体节能目标,对秦皇岛市“十二五”期间的能源需求进行了预测,并对三大产业能源利用形式及能源利用比例进行了分析。结果表明,第二产业的能源消耗比重最大,将成为节能总量控制的重点,而重中之重则是其中的工业领域节能。测算并分析了工业领域的节能潜力,范围涵盖玻璃制造、装备制造、粮油食品制造、金属压延业、建材、电力、化工7个主要行业。     

成都市工业废水污染物等标负荷特征分析

不同污染物对于环境的污染程度不一样,简单比较排放量,无法准确判断不同种类污染物对环境影响的差异。本文利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,结合2011年成都市环境统计数据,对全市工业废水污染物排放的等标负荷特征进行分析,找出影响环境的主要污染物、主要污染区域及主要污染行业,以期为全市各项环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

基于GIS空间建模的银行网点选址——以山东省青岛市黄岛区为例

银行网点的科学选址对合理利用资源,有效提高银行工作效率具有非常重要的意义.以山东省青岛市黄岛区为例,在对银行布局有重要影响的因素如商业位置、交通状况等综合分析的基础上,以该地区商业网点分布、人口分布、土地利用等作为主要空间要素,结合现有银行网点布局,利用ArcGIS 10.0平台中重分类、栅格计算器、缓冲区分析等栅格、矢量空间分析工具构建了银行网点选址的空间分析模型,并运用该选址模型确定了银行网点的最佳建设位置.该模型为银行网点的科学选址提供了科学决策和参考依据.     

基于GIS与RS的生态环境质量监测与评价方法探讨——以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

科学地进行生态环境监测和评价,对维护生态平衡、保护和改善生态环境具有非常重要的意义.山东半岛蓝色经济区作为国家战略建设区,良好的生态环境是促进其经济稳定发展的保障.基于GIS、RS技术,综合分析生物、植被、土壤等因素,利用AHP构建生态环境评价体系,通过ArcGIS平台构建生态环境监测与评价模型;提取各评价指标,计算研究区EQI值,获得其生态环境质量及空间分布规律,为研究区生态环境质量监测提供技术决策支持.     

基于文献计量视角的我国应急资源研究进展分析*

为理清应急资源研究发展脉络和研究热点,基于文献计量分析,从作者合作、机构合作、关键词共现、研究热点突现、关键词时序图谱5个方面,对1999—2021年中国知网（CNKI）收录的1 503篇相关文献进行知识图谱分析,展现我国应急资源研究领域空间分布特征及研究热点。结果表明:在我国应急资源研究领域,作者和机构分布呈多元化发展趋势,当前研究热点包括多目标优化、选址-分配、NSGA-Ⅱ、公平性。人工智能技术、区块链技术、共享经济模式在应急资源配置中的应用是未来研究趋势。     

突发事件警报通知系统关键要素规划技术研究*

为了解决自然灾害或生产安全事故风险影响区域的警报通知问题,针对突发事件警报通知系统规划与建设过程中的关键要素,通过相关突发事件特征归纳总结、警报通知需求分析、法规要求与现实差距对比等方法,结合国内外相关标准和研究成果,总结、提炼出规划和建设高时效性警报通知系统必须考虑的关键要素,并研究相关警报通知实现技术的适用性。最后,结合西南某油气开采企业的突发事件警报通知系统规划与建设实际,分析该企业警报通知系统的特点并有针对性地提出优化建议。研究结果可对相关企业或政府开展警报通知系统的规划与建设提供参考和借鉴。