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161.
气溶胶吸湿性对大气能见度有重要影响,是形成霾污染的主要因素之一.利用南京信息工程大学观测获得的2014年4月17日至5月21日气溶胶吸湿增长因子(GF)、OC/EC以及水溶性无机离子资料,对南京霾日气溶胶吸湿性及主要化学组分进行分析.结果表明,随着粒径的增加,平均吸湿增长因子(GF_(mean))数值变化较小,吸湿性标准差(σ)逐渐增大,化学组分的外混合程度逐渐增强;白天气溶胶粒子的吸湿性强于夜间,但是外混合程度弱于夜晚;非霾日气溶胶吸湿性强,外混合程度高,霾日正好与之相反,且随着霾等级的增加,吸湿性和外混合程度都进一步减小;非霾日气溶胶主要水溶性无机离子为NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),而霾日OC/EC的含量占比较高;含量相对丰富的OC/EC是造成低湿背景霾天气下小尺度气溶胶吸湿性变弱的主要原因,霾日所处环境相对湿度的高低也是影响气溶胶吸湿能力的重要因素;整个观测期间,南京市气溶胶化学组分中(NH_4)_2SO_4和OC等不可溶物质含量最多,NH_4NO_3含量次之;利用化学组分计算得到的平均吸湿性参数κ_(chem)和利用H-TDMA仪器实际观测计算得出的κ_(mean)存在较好的一致性,两者的相关性在霾天气下进一步增强,因此可以利用气溶胶主要化学组分来预报气溶胶吸湿性. 相似文献
162.
G. N. Flerchinger Shuangling Shang J. I. Finnie 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(5):1081-1088
ABSTRACT: Snowmelt from deep mountainous snowpacks is seldom rapid enough to exceed infiltration rates; thus, the source of streamflow in many mountainous watersheds is snowmelt recharge through shallow ground water systems. The hydrologic response and interaction between surface and sub-surface flow processes in these watersheds, which is controlled by basin structure, the spatial distribution of snowmelt, and the hydrogeology of the subsurface, are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to test a three-dimensional ground water model using simulated snowmelt input to simulate ground water response to spatially distributed snowmelt on the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed located within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in Southwestern Idaho. The model was used to characterize the mountainous aquifer and to delineate the subsurface flow mechanisms. Difficulty in finding a reasonable combination of grid spacing and time stepping within the model was encountered due to convergence problems with the Picard solution to the non-linear variably saturated ground water flow equations. Simulation results indicated that flow may be either unconfined or confined depending on inflow rate and hydrogeologic conditions in the watershed. The flow mechanism had a much faster response time when confined flow occurred. Response to snowmelt from a snow drift approximately 90 m away took only a few hours when flow was confined. Simulated results showed good agreement with piezometer measurements both in magnitude and timing; however, convergence problems with the Picard solution limited applicability of the model. 相似文献
163.
从废催化剂中回收钼的新工艺 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
确定了用新型复合浸取剂从废催化剂中回收钼的最佳工艺条件废催化剂颗粒度100目焙烧温度750℃,焙烧时间1h复合浸取剂中助浸剂质量为5%,浸取固液质量比1:3,浸取温度60℃,浸取时间6h,在该条件下,钼的浸取率达到92.7%~95.5%。 相似文献
164.
Tong Wu Charles Perrings Chenwei Shang James P. Collins Peter Daszak Ann Kinzig Ben A. Minteer 《Ambio》2020,49(4):939-949
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has led to the death or destruction of millions of domesticated and wild birds and caused hundreds of human deaths worldwide. As with other HPAIs, H5N1 outbreaks among poultry have generally been caused by contact with infected migratory waterfowl at the interface of wildlands and human-dominated landscapes. Using a case–control epidemiological approach, we analyzed the relation between habitat protection and H5N1 outbreaks in China from 2004 to 2017. We found that while proximity to unprotected waterfowl habitats and rice paddy generally increased outbreak risk, proximity to the most highly protected habitats (e.g., Ramsar-designated lakes and wetlands) had the opposite effect. Protection likely involves two mechanisms: the separation of wild waterfowl and poultry populations and the diversion of wild waterfowl from human-dominated landscapes toward protected natural habitats. Wetland protection could therefore be an effective means to control avian influenza while also contributing to avian conservation. 相似文献
165.
水合肼改性淀粉去除废水中的重金属离子 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以木薯淀粉为原料、硝酸铈铵为引发剂,合成丙烯酸甲酯接枝淀粉;用水合肼对其进行改性,合成了具有氨基功能团的改性淀粉。将改性淀粉用于对多种单一重金属离子和混合重金属离子的去除。在混合重金属离子溶液中,在室温、改性淀粉加入量为7.0g/L、重金属离子质量浓度为30mg/L、反应时间为120min的条件下,混合液pH为3~7时,改性淀粉对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+和Ni2+的去除率均达99.9%以上;混合液pH为4时,改性淀粉对Cr6+的去除率达73.2%。 相似文献
166.
为探究金属矿井下粉尘孔粒径特征,以阜山金矿为例,系统研究其进风巷粉尘(IAD)、回风巷粉尘(RAD)的孔粒径分布(PSD)情况.首先,利用激光粒度分析仪与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、低温液氮吸附仪分别测试粉尘粒径与孔参数,然后利用分形理论计算并分析其粒度分形维数与孔分形维数.结果 表明:RAD粒径比IAD粒径小,两者最可... 相似文献
167.
The critical paths for radionuclides and the critical foods in Asian countries differ from those in Western countries because agricultural products and diets are different. Consequently, safety assessments for Asian countries must consider rice as a critical food. As most rice is produced under flooded conditions, the uptake of radionuclides by rice is affected by soil conditions. In this report, we summarize radionuclide and stable element soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) for rice. Field observation results for fallout 137Cs and stable Cs TFs indicated that while fallout 137Cs had higher TF than stable Cs over several decades, the GM (geometric mean) values were similar with the GM of TF value for 137Cs being 3.6 × 10−3 and that for stable Cs being 2.5 × 10−3. Although there are some limitations to the use of TF for stable elements under some circumstances, these values can be used to evaluate long-term transfer of long-lived radionuclides in the environment. The compiled data showed that TF values were higher in brown rice than in white rice because distribution patterns for elements were different in the bran and white parts of rice grains. 相似文献
168.
169.
自养反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮去除动力学及影响因素研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为更经济有效地去除污水中的硝酸盐,从兼性污泥中分离获得6株能氧化单质硫和还原硝酸盐的自养反硝化菌。根据各菌株的降解曲线筛选出优势菌种N-I,并研究影响菌株N-I降解性能的环境因素,如pH、温度、碳源及硝酸盐的降解动力学。实验表明,菌株N-I对硝酸盐的降解符合一级反应动力学方程,反应的半衰期t1/2为1.42 h,反应速率常数为0.488 h-1。最佳反应pH=7,最佳反应温度为30℃,最佳NaHCO3浓度为大于或等于2.5 g/L。 相似文献
170.