Impact of alkyl methacrylate–maleic anhydride–alkyl methacrylate terpolymers as cold flow improver on crystallization behavior of diesel fuel

Alkyl methacrylate–maleic anhydride–alkyl methacrylate terpolymers (MR₁–MA–MR₂) is one of the widely used cold flow improver. In order to develop more efficient MR₁–MA–MR₂, it is necessary to study the crystallization behavior of n-alkanes when adding MR₁–MA–MR₂ into diesel fuel. In this paper, MR₁–MA–MR₂ is prepared by the reaction of long-chain alkyl methacrylate (MR₁), maleic anhydride (MA), and short alkyl methacrylate (MR₂). The diesel fuel before and after adding MR₁–MA–MR₂ is in situ filtrated at its cold filter plugging point (CFPP) in a manual CFPP apparatus. Extensive measurements of composition variation of n-alkanes are done by gas chromatograph and the results are compared. The experimental results show that after adding MR₁–MA–MR₂, the concentration distribution of n-alkanes in the filtrate is wide and arranges from 8 to 26, and mainly centralizes from 10 to 19. For the precipitate, the concentration distribution of n-alkanes gets richer in the lighter n-alkanes and poorer in the heavier n-alkanes. The concentration distribution of n-alkanes in the crystal solid shows a decreasing trend, especially with high carbon number n-alkanes (heavier than C₂₀). About 60–70% of the residual crystal solid is composed of non-paraffins such as isoparaffin, naphthene and other components. Crystallinities of n-alkanes show a slow decrease trend from C₈ to C₂₀. When the carbon number n-alkanes are heavier than C₂₀, the crystallinities of n-alkanes begin to sharply reduce with an increase of carbon number. The largest decline of crystallinity is C₂₆ n-alkane from 38.39% to 7.90%.     

个体防护装备在受限空间作业中的选择配备与使用管理

近年来,受限空间伤害事故频发,已引起各相关部门的重视。个体防护装备的合理正确选用在避免受限空间伤害事故的发生上起着至关重要的作用。本文通过典型案例,仅从个体防护装备的配备和管理角度分析事故的致因,并根据受限空间内所存在的各种危害类别及形式探讨个体防护装备的选配以及合理的使用与管理,以期能够有效地防止或减少受限空间内作业伤害事故的发生。     

有机污染源标志物的探讨及其研究意义

在分析广州市饮用水源水及自来水厂沉淀地底泥、市售洗衣粉、洗洁精等样品中有机污染物的基础上,探讨正构烷烃、藿烷、多环芳烃、苯基长链正构烷烃、长链烷基酚等化合物的污染源指示作用,由此探索判别污染源的特征性污染物（污染物标志物）,从而探讨广州市饮用水源水的污染源,这将对于评价水体污染状况、控制污染源排放等具有重要的现实意义。     

印染废水处理系统中的主要细菌群体和功能

云南印染厂位于昆明西郊滇池畔,排放的印染废水经生化处理后汇入滇池,使水体受到污染。为此,我们对云南印染厂活性污泥处理系统中主要微生物类群及功能进行了研究,为进一步改善处理系统结构,增强净化功能提供依据。     

昆明船房河水—底泥系统硝化作用模拟研究

船房河位于昆明市西南,是排放市区污水的主要河流之一。为了获得一些硝化作用规律,并对研究方法进行探讨,我们选定了对硝化作用有影响的四个因素,通氧、温度、pH和铵离子浓度,以船房河为样点,实验室模拟研究了水-土系统的硝化作用。样点水质情况见表1。     

藏东多曲河流域锶富集水化学特征及控制因素

分析高原河流地表水中锶(Sr)富集的水化学特征及其影响因素,有助于指导水资源的合理开发利用和生态环境保护.以金沙江多曲河流域地表水为例,采集地表水样品23组,综合利用相关分析、主成分分析、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析该区地表水中Sr²⁺富集的水化学特征及控制因素,识别主要离子的物质来源.结果表明,多曲河流域地表水阳离子主要以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.该流域水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,其次为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型.主成分分析揭示了影响多曲河水质演化的3个主成分因子,碳酸盐岩风化溶解是控制多曲河水化学组成的主要因素.ρ(Sr²⁺)超过0.40 mg·L^-1的富Sr水点占样品总量的30.43%.区内分布的闪长岩及花岗岩为多曲河流域Sr²⁺富集提供了物质基础.Sr²⁺与Ca²⁺相关性较高,二者存在伴生...     

典型化工污水处理厂废水及受纳水体的生物急性毒性监测方法应用研究

为了研究生物急性监测方法对监测典型化工污水处理厂废水的适用性,选择2家常州市典型的化工园区污水处理厂("常A"和"常B"),进行了发光细菌、藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵4种不同层次受试生物的急性毒性检测。研究表明,发光细菌急性毒性、藻类叶绿素荧光毒性在2个污水处理厂中均被检测到,发光细菌急性毒性通常进水大于出水,但在投放大量氧化消毒剂时,出水表现出剧毒。藻类叶绿素荧光毒性最高值出现在常B进水中。大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性仅在常B进出水样中有检出,受纳河道下游水样虽未表现出急性毒性,但可观察到斑马鱼卵各类发育畸形。4种生物急性毒性检测方法中,发光细菌适用范围最广,藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性方法可根据监测目的和工业园区特点相应选择。实验结论可为化工污水处理厂尾水排放过程中生物毒性监测的常态化提供方法选择,为管理部门制定排放标准提供依据。     

不同基质培养条件下的好氧颗粒污泥特性研究

采用序批式活性污泥(SBR)工艺,分别以葡萄糖(R₁反应器)和乙酸钠为基质(R₂反应器)运行102 d,对培养成熟的颗粒污泥特性进行研究. 结果表明:R₁反应器中以球菌为主,R₂反应器中以杆菌、球菌为主;在颗粒刚成熟时,R₂反应器的颗粒大些,且集中,粒径在0.1～1.0 mm,随着颗粒成熟期的延长,R₁反应器的粒径要大些,最大为2.2 mm;R₁和R₂反应器的耗氧速率(OUR)分别为 1.184和0.944 mg/(L·min),比耗氧速率(SOUR)分别为0.838和0.825 mg/(g·min);有机污染负荷为600～1　200　mg/L时,R₁和R₂反应器的COD_Cr去除率均达到95%～98%.      

A 700-year paleoecological record of boreal ecosystem responses to climatic variation from Alaska

Recent observations and model simulations have highlighted the sensitivity of the forest-tundra ecotone to climatic forcing. In contrast, paleoecological studies have not provided evidence of tree-line fluctuations in response to Holocene climatic changes in Alaska, suggesting that the forest-tundra boundary in certain areas may be relatively stable at multicentennial to millennial time scales. We conducted a multiproxy study of sediment cores from an Alaskan lake near the altitudinal limits of key boreal-forest species. Paleoecological data were compared with independent climatic reconstructions to assess ecosystem responses of the forest tundra boundary to Little Ice Age (LIA) climatic fluctuations. Pollen, diatom, charcoal, macrofossil, and magnetic analyses provide the first continuous record of vegetation fire-climate interactions at decadal to centennial time scales during the past 700 years from southern Alaska. Boreal-forest diebacks characterized by declines of Picea mariana, P. glauca, and tree Betula occurred during the LIA (AD 1500-1800), whereas shrubs (Alnus viridis, Betula glandulosa/nana) and herbaceous taxa (Epilobium, Aconitum) expanded. Marked increases in charcoal abundance and changes in magnetic properties suggest increases in fire importance and soil erosion during the same period. In addition, the conspicuous reduction or disappearance of certain aquatic (e.g., Isoetes, Nuphar, Pediastrum) and wetland (Sphagnum) plants and major shifts in diatom assemblages suggest pronounced lake-level fluctuations and rapid ecosystem reorganization in response to LIA climatic deterioration. Our results imply that temperature shifts of 1-2 degrees C, when accompanied by major changes in moisture balance, can greatly alter high-altitudinal terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic ecosystems, including conversion between boreal-forest tree line and tundra. The climatic and ecosystem variations in our study area appear to be coherent with changes in solar irradiance, suggesting that changes in solar activity contributed to the environmental instability of the past 700 years.     

放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草地为对象,采用平板涂抹分离法和氯仿熏蒸法对不同放牧压力梯度下土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤微生物碳、微生物氮量进行研究,结果表明:不同放牧压力梯度下,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和真菌较少,垂直分布明显;随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地,0～25 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物碳和微生物氮数量呈降低趋势,其降低程度与放牧压力梯度呈直线正相关.与无放牧金露梅灌丛相比0～25 cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌最大降幅分别为49.64%、37.76%和46.64%;金露梅灌丛土壤微生物碳量占土壤有机碳的比例变化为0.85%～0.43%,微生物氮占土壤全氮的0.90%～1.11%,微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率较低;土壤微生物量和土壤有机质呈显著线形正相关;土壤细菌数量和土壤水分呈显著线形正相关.